1,4-pyridone bicyclic heteroaryl compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to 1,4-pyridone bicyclic heteroaryl compounds. The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds and methods of treating cancer by administering these compounds and pharmaceutical compositions to subjects in need thereof. The present invention also relates to the use of such compounds for research or other non-therapeutic purposes.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/654,131, filed Jun. 19, 2015 (now allowed),which is a U.S. National Phase application of International ApplicationNo. PCT/US2013/077086, filed Dec. 20, 2013, which claims priority to,and the benefit of, U.S. provisional application No. 61/745,194, filedDec. 21, 2012 and U.S. provisional application No. 61/785,042, filedMar. 14, 2013. The entire contents of each of these applications areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The contents of the text file named “EPIZ-017N01US-ST25.txt”, which wascreated on Jun. 10, 2015 and is 1.2 KB in size, are hereby incorporatedby reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is an ongoing need for new agents as inhibitors of EZH2 mutants,which can be used for treating an EZH2-mediated disorder (e.g., cancer).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention features an azole bicyclicheteroaryl compound of Formula (IV) below or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof

In this Formula,

-   -   X₁ is NR₇ or CR₇;    -   X₂ is N, NR₈, CR₈, O, or S;    -   X₃ is NR₈, CR₈, O, or S;    -   X₄ is C or N;    -   Y₁ is N or CH;    -   Y₂ is N or CR₆;    -   Y₃ is N, or CR₁₁, and at least one of X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, Y₁, Y₂,        and Y₃ is N or NR₇;    -   each of R₁, R₅, R₉, and R₁₀, independently, is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl        optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected        from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆        alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,        di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to        12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;    -   each of R₂, R₃, and R₄, independently, is -Q₁-T₁, in which Q₁ is        a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker optionally substituted with halo,        cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₁ is H, halo, hydroxyl,        COOH, cyano, or R_(S1), in which R_(S1) is C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₆        alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₁-C₆ thioalkyl,        C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, CONH₂, SO₂NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl),        —CO—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —SO₂—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl, and R_(S1) is        optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected        from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, oxo, COOH,        C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl,        4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to 6-membered        heteroaryl; or R₁ and R₂, together with the N and C atoms to        which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl        having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or        R₁ and R₄, together with the N and C atoms to which they are        attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2        additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl        ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R₃ and R₄,        together with the C atoms to which they are attached, form C₅-C₈        cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having        1 to 3 heteroatoms, or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring        having 1 to 3 heteroatoms; in which each of the ring structures        formed by R₁ and R₂, by R₁ and R₄, or by R₃ and R₄,        independently is optionally substituted with one or more        substituents selected from the group consisting of halo,        hydroxyl, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano,        C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;    -   each R₆ independently is H, halo, OR_(a), —NR_(a)R_(b),        —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(a), —C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(b)C(O)R_(a),        —S(O)₂R_(a), —S(O)₂NR_(a)R_(b), or R_(S2), in which each of        R_(a) and R_(b), independently is H or R_(S3) and each of R_(S2)        and R_(S3), independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆        alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and        R_(b), together with the N atom to which they are attached, form        a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional        heteroatoms to the N atom; and each of R_(S2), R_(S3), and the 4        to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(a) and R_(b),        is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂, wherein Q₂ is        a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with        halo, cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₂ is H, halo, cyano,        —OR_(c), —NR_(c)R_(d), —(NR_(c)R_(d)R_(d′))⁺A⁻, —C(O)R_(c),        —C(O)OR_(c), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c),        —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c), —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), or R_(S4), in        which each of R_(c)R_(d), and R_(d′), independently is H or        R_(S5), A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, each of        R_(S4) and R_(S5), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈        cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5        to 6-membered heteroaryl, or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the        N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatoms to        the N atom, and each of R_(S4), R_(S5), and the 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(c) and R_(d), is optionally        substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃, wherein Q₃ is a bond or        C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo, cyano,        hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₃ is selected from the group        consisting of H, halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,        C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, 5 to 6-membered        heteroaryl, OR_(e), COOR_(e), —S(O)₂R_(e), —NR_(e)R_(f), and        —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), each of R_(e) and R_(f) independently being H        or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with OH, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        NH—C₁-C₆ alkyl; or -Q₃-T₃ is oxo; or -Q₂-T₂ is oxo; or any two        neighboring -Q₂-T₂, together with the atoms to which they are        attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring optionally containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted        with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting        of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆        alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,        and 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl; provided that -Q₂-T₂ is not H;    -   each R₇ independently is -Q₄-T₄, in which Q₄ is a bond, C₁-C₄        alkyl linker, or C₂-C₄ alkenyl linker, each linker optionally        substituted with halo, cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₄        is H, halo, cyano, NR_(g)R_(h), —OR_(g), —C(O)R_(g),        —C(O)OR_(g), —C(O)NR_(g)R_(h), —C(O)NR_(g)OR_(h),        —NR_(g)C(O)R_(h), —S(O)₂R_(g), or R_(S6), in which each of R_(g)        and R_(h), independently is H or R_(S7), each of R_(S6) and        R_(S7), independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀        aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered        heteroaryl, and each of R_(S6) and R_(S7) is optionally        substituted with one or more -Q₅-T₅, wherein Q₅ is a bond, C(O),        C(O)NR_(k), NR_(k)C(O), NR_(k), S(O)₂, NR_(k)S(O)₂, or C₁-C₃        alkyl linker, R_(k) being H or C₁-C₆ alkyl, and T₅ is H, halo,        C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, hydroxyl, cyano,        C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkylene-C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,        C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁-C₆ alkylene-C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkylene-4 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or C₁-C₆        alkylene-5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, and T₅ is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents selected from the        group consisting of halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, hydroxyl, cyano, C₁-C₆        alkoxyl, O—C₁-C₄ alkylene-C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl,        4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl        except when T₅ is H, halo, hydroxyl, or cyano; or -Q₅-T₅ is oxo;        provided that -Q₄-T₄ is not H; and    -   each of R₈ and R₁₁, independently, is H, halo, hydroxyl, COOH,        cyano, R_(S8), OR_(S8), or COOR_(S8), in which R_(S8) is C₁-C₆        alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, or di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, and R_(S8) is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents selected from the        group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl,        cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁-C₆        alkylamino.

In one subset of the compounds of Formula (IV), at least one of Y₁, Y₃,and X₄ is N and when X₄ is C, Y₁ is N, Y₂ is CR₆, and Y₃ is CR₁₁, thenX₂ is CR₈.

One subset of the compounds of Formula (IV) includes those of Formula(IVa):

Another subset of the compounds of Formula (IV) includes those ofFormula (IVb).

The compounds of Formulae (IV), (IVa), and (IVb) can include one or moreof the following features when applicable:

X₄ is C.

X₂ is N or CH.

X₃ is CR₈.

Y₃ is CR₁₁.

R₆ is phenyl substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

R₆ is 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 additional heteroatomsselected from N, O, and S and optionally substituted with one or more-Q₂-T₂, provided that the heteroaryl is not thiophenyl.

R₆ is pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, or furyl, each of which isoptionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

R₆ is phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl substituted with O—C₁₋₆alkyl or NH—C₁-6 alkyl, each of which is optionally substituted withhydroxyl, O—C₁₋₃ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl, each of the O—C₁₋₃ alkyl andNH—C₁₋₃ alkyl being optionally further substituted with O—C₁₋₃ alkyl orNH—C₁₋₃ alkyl.

R₆ is

R₆ is halo, C₁-C₃ alkyl substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl, C(O)H, OR_(a), or —C(O)R_(a), in which R_(a)is C₁-C₆ alkyl or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

R₆ is 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with oneor more -Q₂-T₂, in which -Q₂-T₂ is oxo or Q₂ is a bond and T₂ is—OR_(c), —NR_(c)R_(d), —C(O)R_(c), —C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c), C₁-C₆alkyl, or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃ when R_(c) or R_(d) is not H.

R₆ is piperidinyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, orpyrrolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more-Q₂-T₂.

Q₃ is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker and T₃ is selected from the groupconsisting of C₁-C₃ alkyl, halo, OR_(e), —S(O)₂R_(e), —NR_(e)R_(f), and—C(O)NR_(e)R_(f).

R₇ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₄ alkenyl, C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl, 4 to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or C₆-C₁₀ aryl, each optionally substituted with oneor more -Q₅-T₅.

R₇ is cyclopentyl.

R₇ is unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.

R₇ is isopropyl or sec-butyl.

R₇ is 5 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with oneor more -Q₅-T₅.

R₇ is piperidinyl optionally substituted with one -Q₅-T₅.

R₇ is tetrahydropyran or

R₇ is

R₇ is

R₇ is

R₇ is

R₇ is

R₇ is

wherein R₁₀₀ is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more T_(5a) inwhich each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₄alkylene-C₁-C₄ alkoxy, and R₁₀₁ is H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.

R₇ is

wherein each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₃ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₃alkylene-C₁-C₂ alkoxy.

T₅ is H, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

Q₅ is a bond and T₅ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or 4 to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl.

Q₅ is CO and T₅ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or 4 to7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

Q₅ is C₁-C₃ alkyl linker and T₅ is H or C₆-C₁₀ aryl.

R₁₁ is H.

Each of R₂ and R₄, independently is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionallysubstituted with amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, orC₆-C₁₀ aryl.

Each of R₂ and R₄, independently is C₁-C₃ alkyl optionally substitutedwith C₁-C₆ alkoxyl.

Each of R₂ and R₄ is methyl.

R₁ is H.

R₈ is H, methyl, or ethyl.

R₃ is H.

is selected from the group consisting of indolyl, isoindolyl,indolizinyl, benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl, benzo[b]thienyl, benzoxazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl,benzothiadiazolyl, purinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl,imidazopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl,pyrazolopyrazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl,pyrrolopyridazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, pyrazolopyridazinyl,furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, furopyrazinyl, thienopyrazinyl,oxazolopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl,isothiazolopyridinyl, oxadiazolopyridinyl, thiadiazolopyridinyl,triazolopyridinyl, oxazolopyrazinyl, isoxazolopyrazinyl,thiazolopyrazinyl, isothiazolopyrazinyl, oxadiazolopyrazinyl,thiadiazolopyrazinyl, triazolopyrazinyl, furopyrimidinyl,thienopyrimidinyl, furopyridazinyl, thienopyridazinyl,oxazolopyrimidinyl, isoxazolopyrimidinyl, thiazolopyrimidinyl,isothiazolopyrimidinyl, oxadiazolopyrimidinyl, thiadiazolopyrimidinyl,triazolopyrimidinyl, oxazolopyridazinyl, isoxazolopyridazinyl,thiazolopyridazinyl, isothiazolopyridazinyl, oxadiazolopyridazinyl,thiadiazolopyridazinyl, triazolopyridazinyl, and imidazotriazinyl.

is selected from the group consisting of

is selected from the group consisting of

is selected from the group consisting of

In another aspect, the present invention features a compound of Formula(V) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein,

-   -   V¹ is N or CR^(T),    -   V² is N or CR^(2′), provided when V¹ is N, V² is N,    -   X′ and Z′ are selected independently from the group consisting        of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted        or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or        —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        heterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or

—(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted orsubstituted aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substitutedheteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, halo, cyano, —COR^(a′),—CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′),—SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R_(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′) SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′) SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);

-   -   Y′ is H or halo;    -   R^(1′) is (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted        or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or        —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        heterocycloalkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or        substituted heterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl        or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl,        unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or        —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),        —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′);    -   R^(2′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, or        halo, in which said (C₁-C₈)alkyl is optionally substituted with        one to two groups selected from amino and (C₁-C₃)alkylamino;    -   R^(7′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, or alkoxy;    -   R^(3′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl,        —NR^(a′)R^(b′), or halo;    -   R^(6′) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo,        (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, unsubstituted or        substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl,        unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted heterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted        aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl,        unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, cyano,        —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),        —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′),        —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),        —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),        —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), —OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);    -   wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,        cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,        or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3        groups independently selected from the group consisting of        —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂,        —(C₁-C₈)alkyl-heterocycloalkyl,        (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl, halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,        (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano,        —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′),        —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′),        OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,        aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and heteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl;    -   wherein any aryl or heteroaryl moiety of said aryl, heteroaryl,        aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or heteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl is optionally        substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from the        group consisting of halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano, —COR^(a′),        —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′),

—SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);

-   -   R^(a′) and R^(b′) are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,        (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl,        (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally        substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from        halo, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,        ((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl,

—CONH₂, —CONH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CON((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, andSO₂N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl);

-   -   or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which        they are attached represent a 5-8 membered saturated or        unsaturated ring, optionally containing an additional heteroatom        selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is        optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently        selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, amino,        (C₁-C₄)alkylamino, ((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, hydroxyl,        oxo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein said        ring is optionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring;    -   or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which        they are attached represent a 6- to 10-membered bridged bicyclic        ring system optionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring; and    -   each R^(c′) is independently (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,        —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),        —NR^(a′)R^(b′), or —CO₂R^(a′).

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and one ormore compounds selected from those of any of the Formulae describedherein.

Another aspect of this invention is a method of treating or preventingan EZH2-mediated disorder. The method includes administering to asubject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of one ormore compounds selected from those of any of the Formulae describedherein. The EZH2-mediated disorder is a disease, disorder, or conditionthat is mediated at least in part by the activity of EZH2. In oneembodiment, the EZH2-mediated disorder is related to an increased EZH2activity. In one embodiment, the EZH2-mediated disorder is a cancer. TheEZH2-mediated cancer may be lymphoma, leukemia or melanoma, for example,diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL),follicular lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute myeloidleukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, mixed lineage leukemia, ormyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In one embodiment the EZH2-mediatedcancer may be a malignant rhabdoid tumor or INI1-defecient tumor. Thehistologic diagnosis of malignant rhabdoid tumor depends onidentification of characteristic rhabdoid cells (large cells witheccentrically located nuclei and abundant, eosinophilic cytoplasm) andimmunohistochemistry with antibodies to vimentin, keratin and epithelialmembrane antigen. In most malignant rhabdoid tumors, the SMARCB1/INI1gene, located in chromosome band 22q11.2, is inactivated by deletionsand/or mutations. In one embodiment, the malignant rhabdoid tumors maybe INI1-defecient tumor.

Unless otherwise stated, any description of a method of treatmentincludes uses of the compounds to provide such treatment or prophylaxisas is described in the specification, as well as uses of the compoundsto prepare a medicament to treat or prevent such condition. Thetreatment includes treatment of human or non-human animals includingrodents and other disease models. Methods described herein may be usedto identify suitable candidates for treating or preventing EZH2-mediateddisorders. For example, the invention also provides methods ofidentifying an inhibitor of a wild-type EZH2, a mutant EZH2 (e.g., aY641, A677, and/or A687 mutant EZH2), or both.

For example, the method comprises the step of administering to a subjecthaving a cancer with aberrant H3-K27 methylation an effective amount ofone or more compounds of Formulae described herein, wherein thecompound(s) inhibits histone methyltransferase activity of EZH2, therebytreating the cancer. Examples of aberrant H3-K27 methylation may includea global increase in and/or altered distribution of H3-K27 di ortri-methylation within the cancer cell chromatin.

For example, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of cancersthat overexpress EZH2 or other PRC2 subunits, contain loss-of-functionmutations in H3-K27 demethylases such as UTX, or overexpress accessoryproteins such as PHF19/PCL3 capable of increasing and or mislocalizingEZH2 activity (see references in Sneeringer et al. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 107(49):20980-5, 2010).

For example, the method comprises the step of administering to a subjecthaving a cancer overexpressing EZH2 a therapeutically effective amountof one or more compounds of Formulae described herein, wherein thecompound(s) inhibits histone methyltransferase activity of EZH2, therebytreating the cancer.

For example, the method comprises the step of administering to a subjecthaving a cancer with a loss-of-function mutation in the H3-K27demethylase UTX a therapeutically effective amount of one or morecompounds of Formulae described herein, wherein the compound(s) inhibitshistone methyltransferase activity of EZH2, thereby treating the cancer

For example, the method comprises the step of administering to a subjecthaving a cancer overexpressing an accessory component(s) of the PRC2,such as PHF19/PCL3, a therapeutically effective amount of one or morecompounds of Formulae described herein, wherein the compound(s) inhibitshistone methyltransferase activity of EZH2, thereby treating the cancer

In still another aspect, this invention relates to a method ofmodulating the activity of the wild-type EZH2, the catalytic subunit ofthe PRC2 complex which catalyzes the mono- through tri-methylation oflysine 27 on histone H3 (H3-K27). For example, the present inventionrelates to a method of inhibiting the activity of EZH2 in a cell. Thismethod can be conducted either in vitro or in vivo.

In yet another aspect, this invention features to a method of inhibitingin a subject conversion of H3-K27 to trimethylated H3-K27. The methodcomprises administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amountof one or more of the compounds of Formulae described herein to inhibithistone methyltransferase activity of EZH2, thereby inhibitingconversion of H3-K27 to trimethylated H3-K27 in the subject.

For example, the method comprises the step of administering to a subjecthaving a cancer expressing a mutant EZH2 a therapeutically effectiveamount of one or more compounds of Formulae described herein, whereinthe compound(s) inhibits histone methyltransferase activity of EZH2,thereby treating the cancer.

For example, the cancer is selected from the group consisting offollicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) ofgerminal center B cell-like (GCB) subtype. For example, the cancer islymphoma, leukemia or melanoma. Preferably, the lymphoma isnon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), follicular lymphoma or diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma. Alternatively, the leukemia is chronic myelogenousleukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia ormixed lineage leukemia.

For example, the precancerous condition is myelodysplastic syndromes(MDS, formerly known as preleukemia).

For example, the cancer is a hematological cancer.

For example, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of brainand central nervous system (CNS) cancer, head and neck cancer, kidneycancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, lung cancer,lymphoma, myeloma, sarcoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.Preferably, a subject in need thereof is one who had, is having or ispredisposed to developing brain and CNS cancer, kidney cancer, ovariancancer, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, myeloma, and/or sarcoma.Exemplary brain and central CNS cancer includes medulloblastoma,oligodendroglioma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, choroid plexuscarcinoma, choroid plexus papilloma, ependymoma, glioblastoma,meningioma, neuroglial tumor, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, andpineoblastoma. Exemplary ovarian cancer includes ovarian clear celladenocarcinoma, ovarian endomethrioid adenocarcinoma, and ovarian serousadenocarcinoma. Exemplary pancreatic cancer includes pancreatic ductaladenocarcinoma and pancreatic endocrine tumor. Exemplary sarcomaincludes chondrosarcoma, clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue, ewingsarcoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma,and not otherwise specified (NOS) sarcoma. Alternatively, cancers to betreated by the compounds of the present invention are non NHL cancers.

For example, the cancer is selected from the group consisting ofmedulloblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma,ovarian endomethrioid adenocarcinoma, ovarian serous adenocarcinoma,pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, pancreatic endocrine tumor, malignantrhabdoid tumor, astrocytoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, choroidplexus carcinoma, choroid plexus papilloma, ependymoma, glioblastoma,meningioma, neuroglial tumor, oligoastrocytoma, oligodendroglioma,pineoblastoma, carcinosarcoma, chordoma, extragonadal germ cell tumor,extrarenal rhabdoid tumor, schwannoma, skin squamous cell carcinoma,chondrosarcoma, clear cell sarcoma of soft tissue, ewing sarcoma,gastrointestinal stromal tumor, osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and nototherwise specified (NOS) sarcoma. Preferably, the cancer ismedulloblastoma, ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma, ovarianendomethrioid adenocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,malignant rhabdoid tumor, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, choroidplexus carcinoma, choroid plexus papilloma, glioblastoma, meningioma,pineoblastoma, carcinosarcoma, extrarenal rhabdoid tumor, schwannoma,skin squamous cell carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, ewing sarcoma, epithelioidsarcoma, renal medullary carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,follicular lymphoma and/or NOS sarcoma. More preferably, the cancer ismalignant rhabdoid tumor, medulloblastoma and/or atypicalteratoid/rhabdoid tumor.

For example, the method comprises the step of administering to a subjecthaving a cancer expressing a mutant EZH2 a therapeutically effectiveamount of one or more compounds of Formulae described herein, whereinthe compound(s) inhibits activity (e.g., histone methyltransferaseactivity) of the mutant EZH2, the wild-type EZH2, or both, therebytreating the cancer.

For example, the method further comprises the steps of performing anassay to detect a mutant EZH2 in a sample comprising cancer cells from asubject in need thereof.

In another aspect, the invention features a method of selecting atherapy for a patient having a disease associated with EZH2-mediatedprotein methylation. The method includes the steps of determining thepresence of gene mutation in the EZH2 gene of the subject; andselecting, based on the presence of a gene mutation in the EZH2 gene atherapy for treating the disease. In one embodiment, the therapyincludes the administration of one or more of the compounds of theinvention. In one embodiment, the method further includes administratingone or more of the compounds of the invention to the subject. In oneembodiment, the disease is cancer and the mutation is a Y641 mutation.

In yet another aspect, a method of treatment is provided for a patientin need thereof, the method comprising the steps of determining thepresence of gene mutation in the EZH2 gene and treating the patient inneed thereof, based on the presence of a gene mutation in the EZH2 gene,with a therapy that includes the administration of the compounds of theinvention. In one embodiment, the patient is a cancer patient and themutation is a Y641 mutation.

In still another aspect, this invention relates to a method ofmodulating the activity of the wild-type and mutant histonemethyltransferase EZH2, the catalytic subunit of the PRC2 complex whichcatalyzes the mono- through tri-methylation of lysine 27 on histone H3(H3-K27). For example, the present invention relates to a method ofinhibiting the activity of certain mutant forms of EZH2 in a cell. Themutant forms of EZH2 include a substitution of another amino acidresidue for tyrosine 641 (Y641, also Tyr641) of wild-type EZH2. Themethod includes contacting the cell with an effective amount of one ormore of the compounds of any Formula described herein. This method canbe conducted either in vitro or in vivo.

In yet another aspect, this invention features to a method of inhibitingin a subject conversion of H3-K27 to trimethylated H3-K27. The methodcomprises administering to a subject expressing a mutant EZH2 atherapeutically effective amount of one or more of the compounds of anyFormula described herein to inhibit histone methyltransferase activityof EZH2, thereby inhibiting conversion of H3-K27 to trimethylated H3-K27in the subject. For example, the histone methyltransferase activityinhibited is that of the Y641 mutant of EZH2. For example, the compoundof this invention selectively inhibits histone methyltransferaseactivity of the Y641 mutant of EZH2. For example, the Y641 mutant ofEZH2 is selected from the group consisting of Y641C, Y641F, Y641H,Y641N, and Y641S.

The method of inhibiting in a subject conversion of H3-K27 totrimethylated H3-K27 may also comprise performing an assay to detect amutant EZH2 in a sample from a subject before administering to thesubject expressing a mutant EZH2 a therapeutically effective amount ofone or more of the compounds of any Formula described herein. Forexample, performing the assay to detect the mutant EZH2 includeswhole-genome resequencing or target region resequencing that detects anucleic acid encoding the mutant EZH2. For example, performing the assayto detect the mutant EZH2 includes contacting the sample with anantibody that binds specifically to a polypeptide or fragment thereofcharacteristic of the mutant EZH2. For example, performing the assay todetect the mutant EZH2 includes contacting the sample under highlystringent conditions with a nucleic acid probe that hybridizes to anucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or fragment thereof characteristicof the mutant EZH2.

Further, the invention also relates to a method of identifying aninhibitor of a mutant EZH2, wild-type EZH2, or both. The methodcomprises the steps of combining an isolated EZH2 with a histonesubstrate, a methyl group donor, and a test compound, wherein thehistone substrate comprises a form of H3-K27 selected from the groupconsisting of unmethylated H3-K27, monomethylated H3-K27, dimethylatedH3-K27, and any combination thereof; and performing an assay to detectmethylation of H3-K27 (e.g., formation of trimethylated H3-K27) in thehistone substrate, thereby identifying the test compound as an inhibitorof the EZH2 when methylation of H3-K27 (e.g., formation of trimethylatedH3-K27) in the presence of the test compound is less than methylation ofH3-K27 (e.g., formation of trimethylated H3-K27) in the absence of thetest compound.

In one embodiment, performing the assay to detect methylation of H3-K27in the histone substrate comprises measuring incorporation of labeledmethyl groups.

In one embodiment, the labeled methyl groups are isotopically labeledmethyl groups.

In one embodiment, performing the assay to detect methylation of H3-K27in the histone substrate comprises contacting the histone substrate withan antibody that binds specifically to trimethylated H3-K27.

Also within the scope of the invention is a method of identifying aselective inhibitor of a mutant EZH2. The method comprises the steps ofcombining an isolated mutant EZH2 with a histone substrate, a methylgroup donor, and a test compound, wherein the histone substratecomprises a form of H3-K27 selected from the group consisting ofmonomethylated H3-K27, dimethylated H3-K27, and a combination ofmonomethylated H3-K27 and dimethylated H3-K27, thereby forming a testmixture; combining an isolated wild-type EZH2 with a histone substrate,a methyl group donor, and a test compound, wherein the histone substratecomprises a form of H3-K27 selected from the group consisting ofmonomethylated H3-K27, dimethylated H3-K27, and a combination ofmonomethylated H3-K27 and dimethylated H3-K27, thereby forming a controlmixture; performing an assay to detect trimethylation of the histonesubstrate in each of the test mixture and the control mixture;calculating the ratio of (a) trimethylation with the mutant EZH2 and thetest compound (M+) to (b) trimethylation with the mutant EZH2 withoutthe test compound (M−); calculating the ratio of (c) trimethylation withwild-type EZH2 and the test compound (WT+) to (d) trimethylation withwild-type EZH2 without the test compound (WT−); comparing the ratio(a)/(b) with the ratio (c)/(d); and identifying the test compound as aselective inhibitor of the mutant EZH2 when the ratio (a)/(b) is lessthan the ratio (c)/(d).

The present invention further provides a method of identifying a subjectas a candidate for treatment with one or more compounds of theinvention. The method comprises the steps of performing an assay todetect a mutant EZH2 in a sample from a subject; and identifying asubject expressing a mutant EZH2 as a candidate for treatment with oneor more compounds of the invention, wherein the compound(s) inhibitshistone methyltransferase activity of EZH2.

Still another aspect of the invention is a method of inhibitingconversion of H3-K27 to trimethylated H3-K27. The method comprises thestep of contacting wild-type EZH2, a mutant EZH2, or both with a histonesubstrate comprising H3-K27 and an effective amount of a compound of thepresent invention, wherein the compound inhibits histonemethyltransferase activity of EZH2, thereby inhibiting conversion ofH3-K27 to trimethylated H3-K27.

Further, the compounds or methods described herein can be used forresearch (e.g., studying epigenetic enzymes) and other non-therapeuticpurposes.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. In the specification, thesingular forms also include the plural unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Although methods and materials similar or equivalentto those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of thepresent invention, suitable methods and materials are described below.All publications, patent applications, patents and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference. The references citedherein are not admitted to be prior art to the claimed invention. In thecase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, the materials, methods and examples areillustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. In the case ofconflict between the chemical structures and names of the compoundsdisclosed herein, the chemical structures will control.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description and claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides novel 1,4-pyridone bicyclic heteroarylcompounds, synthetic methods for making the compounds, pharmaceuticalcompositions containing them and various uses of the compounds.

The present invention provides the compounds of Formula (IV) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein:

-   -   X₁ is NR₇ or CR₇;    -   X₂ is N, NR₈, CR₈, O, or S;    -   X₃ is NR₈, CR₈, O, or S;    -   X₄ is C or N;    -   Y₁ is N or CH;    -   Y₂ is N or CR₆;    -   Y₃ is N, or CR₁₁, and at least one of X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, Y₁, Y₂,        and Y₃ is N or NR₇;    -   each of R₁, R₅, R₉, and R₁₀, independently, is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl        optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected        from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆        alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,        di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to        12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;    -   each of R₂, R₃, and R₄, independently, is -Q₁-T₁, in which Q₁ is        a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker optionally substituted with halo,        cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₁ is H, halo, hydroxyl,        COOH, cyano, or R_(S1), in which R_(S1) is C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₆        alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₁-C₆ thioalkyl,        C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, CONH₂, SO₂NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl),        —CO—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —SO₂—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl, and R_(S1) is        optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected        from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, oxo, COOH,        C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl,        4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to 6-membered        heteroaryl; or R₁ and R₂, together with the N and C atoms to        which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl        having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or        R₁ and R₄, together with the N and C atoms to which they are        attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2        additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl        ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R₃ and R₄,        together with the C atoms to which they are attached, form C₅-C₈        cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having        1 to 3 heteroatoms, or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring        having 1 to 3 heteroatoms; in which each of the ring structures        formed by R₁ and R₂, by R₁ and R₄, or by R₃ and R₄,        independently is optionally substituted with one or more        substituents selected from the group consisting of halo,        hydroxyl, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano,        C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;    -   each R₆ independently is H, halo, OR_(a), —NR_(a)R_(b),        —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(a), —C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(b)C(O)R_(a),        —S(O)₂R_(a), —S(O)₂NR_(a)R_(b), or R_(S2), in which each of        R_(a) and R_(b), independently is H or R_(S3) and each of R_(S2)        and R_(S3), independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆        alkynyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and        R_(b), together with the N atom to which they are attached, form        a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional        heteroatoms to the N atom; and each of R_(S2), R_(S3), and the 4        to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(a) and R_(b),        is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂, wherein Q₂ is        a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with        halo, cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₂ is H, halo, cyano,        —OR_(c), —NR_(c)R_(d), —(NR_(c)R_(d)R_(d′))⁺A⁻, —C(O)R_(c),        —C(O)OR_(c), —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c),        —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c), —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), or R_(S4), in        which each of R_(c)R_(d), and R_(d′), independently is H or        R_(S5), A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion, each of        R_(S4) and R_(S5), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈        cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5        to 6-membered heteroaryl, or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the        N atom to which they are attached, form a 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1 additional heteroatoms to        the N atom, and each of R_(S4), R_(S5), and the 4 to 7-membered        heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(c) and R_(d), is optionally        substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃, wherein Q₃ is a bond or        C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo, cyano,        hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₃ is selected from the group        consisting of H, halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,        C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, 5 to 6-membered        heteroaryl, OR_(e), COOR_(e), —S(O)₂R_(e), —NR_(e)R_(f), and        —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), each of R_(e) and R_(f) independently being H        or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with OH, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or        NH—C₁-C₆ alkyl; or -Q₃-T₃ is oxo; or -Q₂-T₂ is oxo; or any two        neighboring -Q₂-T₂, together with the atoms to which they are        attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring optionally containing 1-4        heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and optionally substituted        with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting        of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆        alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,        C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl,        and 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl; provided that -Q₂-T₂ is not H;    -   each R₇ independently is -Q₄-T₄, in which Q₄ is a bond, C₁-C₄        alkyl linker, or C₂-C₄ alkenyl linker, each linker optionally        substituted with halo, cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₄        is H, halo, cyano, NR_(g)R_(h), —OR_(g), —C(O)R_(g),        —C(O)OR_(g), —C(O)NR_(g)R_(h), —C(O)NR_(g)OR_(h),        —NR_(g)C(O)R_(h), —S(O)₂R_(g), or R_(S6), in which each of R_(g)        and R_(h), independently is H or R_(S7), each of R_(S6) and        R_(S7), independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀        aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered        heteroaryl, and each of R_(S6) and R_(S7) is optionally        substituted with one or more -Q₅-T₅, wherein Q₅ is a bond, C(O),        C(O)NR_(k), NR_(k)C(O), NR_(k), S(O)₂, NR_(k)S(O)₂, or C₁-C₃        alkyl linker, R_(k) being H or C₁-C₆ alkyl, and T₅ is H, halo,        C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, hydroxyl, cyano,        C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkylene-C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl,        C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₁-C₆ alkylene-C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₆ alkylene-4 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or C₁-C₆        alkylene-5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, and T₅ is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents selected from the        group consisting of halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, hydroxyl, cyano, C₁-C₆        alkoxyl, O—C₁-C₄ alkylene-C₁-C₄ alkoxy, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl,        4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl        except when T₅ is H, halo, hydroxyl, or cyano; or -Q₅-T₅ is oxo;        provided that -Q₄-T₄ is not H; and    -   each of R₈ and R₁₁, independently, is H, halo, hydroxyl, COOH,        cyano, R_(S8), OR_(S8), or COOR_(S8), in which R_(S8) is C₁-C₆        alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, or di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, and R_(S8) is optionally        substituted with one or more substituents selected from the        group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl,        cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁-C₆        alkylamino.

For example, at least one of Y₁, Y₃, and X₄ is N and when X₄ is C, Y₁ isN, Y₂ is CR₆, and Y₃ is CR₁₁ then X₂ is CR₈.

For example,

For example, X₄ is C.

For example, X₂ is N or CH.

For example, X₃ is CR₈.

For example, Y₃ is CR₁₁.

For example, R₆ is phenyl substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1-3 additionalheteroatoms selected from N, O, and S and optionally substituted withone or more -Q₂-T₂, provided that the heteroaryl is not thiophenyl.

For example, R₆ is pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, or furyl, each ofwhich is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl substitutedwith O—C₁₋₆ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₆ alkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted with hydroxyl, O—C₁₋₃ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl, each of theO—C₁₋₃ alkyl and NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl being optionally further substituted withO—C₁₋₃ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl.

For example, R₆ is

For example, R₆ is halo (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, R₆ is C₁-C₃ alkyl substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is C₂-C₆ alkenyl or C₄-C₆ cycloalkyl each optionallysubstituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is C(O)H.

For example, R₆ is OR_(a) or —C(O)R_(a).

For example, R_(a) is C₁-C₆ alkyl or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl(e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl,tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl,tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, and morpholinyl, and thelike), which is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is —NR_(a)R_(b), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(a),—C(O)NR_(a)R_(b), —NR_(b)C(O)R_(a), —S(O)₂R_(a), or —S(O)₂NR_(a)R_(b).

For example, each of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is H or C₁-C₆ alkyloptionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, one of R_(a) and R_(b) is H.

For example, R_(a) and R_(b), together with the N atom to which they areattached, form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1additional heteroatoms to the N atom (e.g., azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl,imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like)and the ring is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl,oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl,piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl,tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, and morpholinyl, and thelike) optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is piperidinyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl,2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, orpyrrolidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more-Q₂-T₂.

For example, R₆ is 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl optionallysubstituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂, and -Q₂-T₂ is oxo or Q₂ is a bondand T₂ is —OR_(c), —NR_(c)R_(d), —C(O)R_(c), —C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c),C₁-C₆ alkyl, or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, each of which isoptionally substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃ when R_(c) or R_(d) isnot H.

For example, -Q₂-T₂ is oxo.

For example, Q₂ is a bond.

For example, Q₂ is an unsubstituted C₁-C₃ alkyl linker.

For example, T₂ is C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryl, each optionallysubstituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃.

For example, T₂ is an unsubstituted substituted straight chain C₁-C₆ orbranched C₃-C₆ alkyl, including but not limited to, methyl, ethyl,n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl andn-hexyl.

For example, T₂ is phenyl.

For example, T₂ is halo (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine).

For example, T₂ is 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl,oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl,piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl,tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, and morpholinyl, and thelike) optionally substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃.

For example, T₂ is —OR_(c), —NR_(c)R_(d), —C(O)R_(c), —C(O)OR_(c), or—S(O)₂R_(c).

For example, T₂ is —(NR_(c)R_(d)R_(d′))⁺A⁻, —C(O)NR_(c)R_(d),—NR_(d)C(O)R_(c), —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c), or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d).

For example, Q₂ is a bond or methyl linker and T₂ is H, halo, —OR_(c),—NR_(c)R_(d), —(NR_(c)R_(d)R_(d′))⁺A⁻, or —S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d).

For example, R_(c) is C₁-C₆ alkyl or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl(e.g., azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl,tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl,tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, and morpholinyl, and thelike), which is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃.

For example, each of R_(c) and R_(d), independently is H or C₁-C₆ alkyloptionally substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃.

For example, R_(c) is H.

For example, R_(d) is H.

For example, R_(e) and R_(d), together with the N atom to which they areattached, form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 or 1additional heteroatoms to the N atom (e.g., azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl,imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, and morpholinyl, and the like)and the ring is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃.

For example, Q₂ is a bond and T₂ is —OR_(c), —NR_(c)R_(d), —C(O)R_(c),—C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c), C₁-C₆ alkyl, or 4 to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one ormore -Q₃-T₃ when R_(c) or R_(d) is not H.

For example, -Q₃-T₃ is oxo.

For example, T₂ is 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyland one or more -Q₃-T₃ are oxo.

For example, Q₃ is a bond or unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₃ alkyllinker.

For example, T₃ is H, halo, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkyl, OR_(e), COOR_(e), —S(O)₂R_(e), —NR_(e)R_(f), or —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f).

For example, one of R_(d) and R_(e) is H.

For example, Q₃ is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker and T₃ is selected fromthe group consisting of C₁-C₃ alkyl, halo, OR_(e), —S(O)₂R_(e),—NR_(e)R_(f), and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f).

For example, R_(e) is H.

For example, R_(f) is H.

For example, R₇ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more-Q₅-T₅.

For example, R₇ is C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one ormore -Q₅-T₅.

For example, R₇ is 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., azetidinyl,oxetanyl, thietanyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl,oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl,piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl,tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl, 3,6-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, and morpholinyl, and thelike) optionally substituted with one or more -Q₅-T₅.

For example, R₇ is cyclopentyl.

For example, R₇ is isopropyl or sec-butyl.

For example, R₇ is 5 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl optionallysubstituted with one or more -Q₅-T₅.

For example, R₇ is piperidinyl optionally substituted with one -Q₅-T₅.

For example, R₇ is tetrahydropyran 01

For example, R₇ is

For example, R₇ is

For example, R₇ is

For example, R₇ is

For example, R₇ is

For example, R₇ is

wherein R₁₀₀ is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more T_(5a) inwhich each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₄alkylene-C₁-C₄ alkoxy, and R₁₀₁ is H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.

For example, R₇ is

wherein each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₃ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₃alkylene-C₁-C₂ alkoxy.

For example, -Q₅-T₅ is oxo.

For example, T₄ is 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyland one or more -Q₅-T₅ are oxo.

For example, T₅ is H, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

For example, Q₅ is a bond and T₅ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, or 4to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

For example, Q₅ is CO and T₅ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, or 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl.

For example, T₅ is C₁-C₆ alkyl optionally substituted with halo,hydroxyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆alkylamino, or C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl.

For example, Q₅ is C₁-C₃ alkyl linker and T₅ is H or C₆-C₁₀ aryl.

For example, R₁₁ is H.

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently, is H or C₁-C₆ alkyloptionally substituted with amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆alkylamino, or C₆-C₁₀ aryl.

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently is C₁-C₃ alkyl optionallysubstituted with C₁-C₆ alkoxyl.

For example, each of R₂ and R₄ is methyl.

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently is halo, e.g., F, C₁, orBr.

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently, is CN, mono-C₁-C₆alkylamino, or di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino.

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently, is optionally substitutedphenyl.

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently, is optionally substituted5- or 6-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazoyl,pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl,isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and the like).

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently, is optionally substituted4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl,1,4-oxazepanyl, and morpholinyl, and the like).

For example, each of R₂ and R₄, independently, is C₁₋₆ alkoxyl or C₆-C₁₀aryloxy, each optionally substituted with one or more halo.

For example, R₂ is C₁₋₆ alkoxyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy, each optionallysubstituted with one or more halo.

For example, R₄ is halo, or C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxyl, each optionallysubstituted with one or more halo.

For example, R₃ is H, halo, or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

For example, R₁ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl.

For example, R₁ and R₂, together with the N and C atoms to which theyare attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2additional heteroatoms (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazoyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl,thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and the like), or a 5 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms (e.g.,pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl,piperazinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl, 1,4-oxazepanyl, and morpholinyl, and thelike). Further, each of the ring structures formed by R₁ and R₂mentioned above, independently, is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl,oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino,mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl.

For example, R₁ and R₄, together with the N and C atoms to which theyare attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2additional heteroatoms (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazoyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl,thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and the like), or a 5 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms (e.g.,pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl,isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl,piperazinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl, 1,4-oxazepanyl, and morpholinyl, and thelike). Further, each of the ring structures formed by R₁ and R₄mentioned above, independently, is optionally substituted with one ormore substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl,oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino,mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl.

For example, R₃ and R₄, together with the C atoms to which they areattached, form C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl (e.g., C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl), C₆-C₁₀ aryl(e.g., phenyl), or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 to 3heteroatoms (e.g., pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazoyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl,isothiazolyl, and the like), or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 1 to 3 heteroatoms (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl,pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, triazolidinyl, piperidinyl,1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, piperazinyl, 1,4-diazepanyl,1,4-oxazepanyl, and morpholinyl, and the like). Further, each of theabove-mentioned ring structures formed by R₃ and R₄, independently, isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of halo, hydroxyl, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl.

For example, R₁ is H.

For example, R₈ is H, methyl, or ethyl.

For example, R₃ is H.

For example, each of R₅, R₉, and R₁₀ is H.

For example, A⁻ is Br⁻.

For example,

is selected from the group consisting of indolyl, isoindolyl,indolizinyl, benzofuryl, isobenzofuryl, benzo[b]thienyl, benzoxazolyl,benzthiazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl,benzothiadiazolyl, purinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl,imidazopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, pyrrolopyrazinyl, imidazopyrazinyl,pyrazolopyrazinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl,pyrrolopyridazinyl, imidazopyridazinyl, pyrazolopyridazinyl,furopyridinyl, thienopyridinyl, furopyrazinyl, thienopyrazinyl,oxazolopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thiazolopyridinyl,isothiazolopyridinyl, oxadiazolopyridinyl, thiadiazolopyridinyl,triazolopyridinyl, oxazolopyrazinyl, isoxazolopyrazinyl,thiazolopyrazinyl, isothiazolopyrazinyl, oxadiazolopyrazinyl,thiadiazolopyrazinyl, triazolopyrazinyl, furopyrimidinyl,thienopyrimidinyl, furopyridazinyl, thienopyridazinyl,oxazolopyrimidinyl, isoxazolopyrimidinyl, thiazolopyrimidinyl,isothiazolopyrimidinyl, oxadiazolopyrimidinyl, thiadiazolopyrimidinyl,triazolopyrimidinyl, oxazolopyridazinyl, isoxazolopyridazinyl,thiazolopyridazinyl, isothiazolopyridazinyl, oxadiazolopyridazinyl,thiadiazolopyridazinyl, triazolopyridazinyl, and imidazotriazinyl.

For example,

is selected from the group consisting of

For example,

is selected from the group consisting of

For example,

is selected from the group consisting of

One subset of the compounds of Formula (IV) includes those of Formula(IVa):

Another subset of the compounds of Formula (IV) includes those ofFormula (IVb).

The present invention provides the compounds of Formulae (II) and (III):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄,R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, and R₁₁ are defined herein.

The present invention provides the compounds of Formulae (IIa)-(IId) and(IIIa)-(IIId):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄,R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, and R₁₁ are defined herein.

Still another subset of the compounds of Formula (IV) includes those ofFormula (VI):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R₇ is -Q₄-T₄,wherein Q₄ is a bond or methyl linker, T₄ is optionally substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl, and R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₆,X₂, X₃, X₄, Y₁, and Y₃, are as defined herein for Formula (IV).

In addition to the above-described features of the compounds of thisinvention where applicable, the compounds of Formula (VI) can includeone or more of the following features:

For example, T₄ is alkyl such as i-propyl.

For example, T₄ is

For example, T₄ is

in which R′″ is T₅, —C(O)T₅, or S(O)₂ T₅, T₅ being as defined herein forFormula (IV).

For example, the compounds of Formula (VI) include those of Formula(VIa):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein

-   -   n₅ is 0, 1, or 2;    -   R⁵⁰¹ is C(H) or N;    -   R⁵⁰⁶ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, piperidine substituted by 1, 2, or 3 C₁₋₄        alkyl groups, or cyclohexyl substituted by N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂        wherein one or both of the C₁₋₄ alkyl is optionally substituted        with C₁₋₆ alkoxyl;    -   R⁵⁰⁷ is morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, diazepane,        pyrrolidine, azetidine, O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, NH—C₁₋₆ alkyl, or        O-heterocycle, wherein the heterocycle is a 4-7 membered        heterocycle containing an oxygen or nitrogen, or both, and        wherein the nitrogen can optionally be substituted with C₁₋₃        alkyl; wherein the piperazine, piperidine, diazepane,        pyrrolidine or azetidine groups can be optionally further        substituted with OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or O—C₁₋₃ alkyl; and wherein        each of the O—C₁₋₆ alkyl and NH—C₁₋₆ alkyl is optionally        substituted with hydroxyl, O—C₁₋₃ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl, each        of the O—C₁₋₃ alkyl and NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl being optionally further        substituted with O—C₁₋₃ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl; and each of R₁,        R₂, X₂, X₃, X₄, Y₁, and Y₃, is as defined herein for Formula        (IV).

In addition to the above-described features of the compounds of thisinvention where applicable, the compounds of Formula (VIa) can includeone or more of the following features.

For example, R⁵⁰¹ is C(H), and R⁵⁰⁷ is piperidine; diazepane;pyrrolidine; azetidine; O—C₁₋₆ alkyl; or O-heterocycle, wherein theheterocycle is a 4-7 membered heterocycle containing an oxygen ornitrogen, or both, and wherein the nitrogen can optionally besubstituted with C₁₋₃ alkyl; wherein the piperidine, diazepane,pyrrolidine or azetidine groups can be optionally further substitutedwith OH, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or O—C₁₋₃ alkyl.

For example, R⁵⁰¹ is C(H) and R⁵⁰⁷ is piperidine, diazepane,pyrrolidine, azetidine or O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein the piperidine,diazepane, pyrrolidine or azetidine groups can be optionally furthersubstituted with OH or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

For example, R⁵⁰¹ is C(H), R⁵⁰⁷ is piperazine optionally furthersubstituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl, and R⁵⁰⁶ is piperidine substituted by 1, 2,or 3 C₁₋₄ alkyl groups.

For example, R⁵⁰¹ is N, and R⁵⁰⁷ is morpholine, piperidine, piperazine,diazepane, pyrrolidine, azetidine or O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein thepiperidine, piperazine, diazepane, pyrrolidine or azetidine groups canbe optionally further substituted with OH or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

For example, R₁ is H, methyl, or ethyl, and R₂ is halo, cyano, C₁-C₆alkoxyl optionally substituted with C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₁-C₃ alkyloptionally substituted with C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, optionally substituted 4 to 6-memberedheterocycloalkyl (e.g., pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, ormorpholinyl), optionally substituted phenyl, or optionally substituted5- or 6-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl,quinolinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl,furyl, or thienyl).

For example, R₁ and R₂, together with the N and C atoms to which theyare attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2additional heteroatoms (e.g., pyrazolyl) or a 5 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms(pyrrolidinyl).

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is C₁-C₆ alkyl such as i-propyl.

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

wherein R₁₀₀ is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more T_(5a) inwhich each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₄alkylene-C₁-C₄ alkoxy, and R₁₀₁ is H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.

For example, R⁵⁰⁶ is

wherein each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₃ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₃alkylene-C₁-C₂ alkoxy.

For example, when R⁵⁰¹ is C(H), R⁵⁰⁷ is piperidine or diazepane, whichare substituted with OH or C₁₋₆ alkyl, or when R⁵⁰¹ is N, R⁵⁰⁷ ispiperidine, piperazine, or diazepane, which are optionally furthersubstituted with OH or C₁₋₆ alkyl.

For example, when R⁵⁰¹ is C(H), R⁵⁰⁷ is piperidine substituted with C₁₋₆alkyl, or when R⁵⁰¹ is N, R⁵⁰⁷ is piperidine substituted with OH orpiperazine substituted with C₁₋₆ alkyl.

For example, when R⁵⁰¹ is N, R⁵⁰⁷ is unsubstituted piperazine.

For example, n₅ is 0 or 1.

For example, when R⁵⁰¹ is C(H) or N, R⁵⁰⁷ is O—C₁₋₆ alkyl orO-heterocycle, and n₅ is 1.

For example, when R⁵⁰¹ is C(H), R⁵⁰⁷ is unsubstituted piperazine andR⁵⁰⁶ is piperidine substituted by 1, 2, or 3 C₁₋₄ alkyl groups.

For example, R⁵⁰⁷ is O—C₂-3 alkyl substituted with O—C₁₋₂ alkyl, e.g.,—OCH₂CH₂OCH₃.

For example, the compounds of Formula (VI) include those of Formula(VIb):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein

-   -   n₆ is 0, 1 or 2;    -   R⁶⁰⁶ is C₁-C₆ alkyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidine substituted        by 1, 2, or 3 C₁₋₄ alkyl groups, or cyclohexyl substituted by        N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂ wherein one or both of the C₁₋₄ alkyl is        optionally substituted with C₁₋₆ alkoxyl;    -   R⁶⁰⁷ is morpholine, piperidine, piperazine, pyrrolidine,        diazepane, oxetane, azetidine or O—C₁₋₆ alkyl, wherein the        piperidine, diazepane, oxetane or azetidine groups can be        optionally further substituted with one or more C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆        haloalkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, or 4 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl;        and each of R₁, R₂, X₂, X₃, X₄, Y₁, and Y₃, is as defined herein        for Formula (IV).

In addition to the above-described features of the compounds of thisinvention where applicable, the compounds of Formula (VIb) can includeone or more of the following features:

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is C₁-C₆ alkyl such as i-propyl.

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁶⁰⁶ is

wherein R₁₀₀ is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more T_(5a) inwhich each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₄alkylene-C₁-C₄ alkoxy, and R₁₀₁ is H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.

For example, R⁶⁰⁶

wherein each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₃ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₃alkylene-C₁-C₂ alkoxy.

For example, R⁶⁰⁷ is piperidine or oxetane, each of which is substitutedwith C₁₋₆ alkyl.

For example, R⁶⁰⁷ is piperidine substituted with CH₂CF₃, cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, or oxetane.

For example, n₆ is 0 or 1.

For example, the compounds of Formula (VI) include those of Formula(VIc):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein

-   -   R⁷⁰¹ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   R⁷⁰² is C₁₋₆ alkoxyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy, each optionally        substituted with one or more halo;    -   R⁷⁰³ is H, halo, or C₁₋₄ alkyl;    -   R⁷⁰⁴ is halo, or C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxyl, each optionally        substituted with one or more halo;    -   or R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰², together with the N and C atoms to which they        are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2        additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl        ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰⁴,        together with the N and C atoms to which they are attached, form        a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2 additional        heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0        to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R⁷⁰³ and R⁷⁰⁴, together with the        C atoms to which they are attached, form C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀        aryl, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 to 3        heteroatoms, or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having        1 to 3 heteroatoms; in which each of the ring structures formed        by R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰², by R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰⁴, or by R⁷⁰³ and R⁷⁰⁴,        independently is optionally substituted with one or more        substituents selected from the group consisting of halo,        hydroxyl, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano,        C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆        alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered        heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl;    -   R⁷⁰⁶ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, tetrahydropyranyl,        piperidine substituted by 1, 2, or 3 R⁷⁰⁷ groups, or cyclohexyl        substituted by N(R⁷⁰⁷)₂, wherein each R⁷⁰⁷ is independently C₁₋₄        alkyl that is optionally substituted with C₁₋₆ alkoxyl, 4 to        12-membered heterocycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl that is optionally        further substituted with C₁-C₆ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₄ alkylene-C₁-C₄        alkoxy, or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl that is optionally        further substituted with C₁-C₆ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₄ alkylene-C₁-C₄        alkoxy; and    -   each of R₆, X₂, X₃, X₄, Y₁, and Y₃, is as defined herein for        Formula (IV).

In addition to the above-described features of the compounds of thisinvention where applicable, the compounds of Formula (IVc) can includeone or more of the following features:

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is alkyl such as sec-butyl or iso-propyl.

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is cyclopentyl.

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

wherein R₁₀₀ is phenyl, 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or 4 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl, each optionally substituted with one or more T_(5a) inwhich each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₆ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₄alkylene-C₁-C₄ alkoxy, and R₁₀₁ is H or C₁-C₄ alkyl.

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

wherein each T_(5a) is independently C₁-C₃ alkoxyl or O—C₁-C₃alkylene-C₁-C₂ alkoxy.

For example, R⁷⁰⁶ is

For example, R⁷⁰¹ is H.

For example, R⁷⁰² is methoxy, ethoxy, —OCF₃, or phenoxy.

For example, R⁷⁰³ is H.

For example, R⁷⁰³ is F.

For example, R⁷⁰⁴ is methyl, ethyl or CF₃.

For example, R⁷⁰⁴ is methoxy or ethoxy.

For example, R⁷⁰⁴ is F or Cl.

For example, R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰², together with the N and C atoms to whichthey are attached, form a 5 to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl ring havingan oxygen atom.

For example, R⁷⁰³ and R⁷⁰⁴, together with the C atoms to which they areattached, form C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl.

For example, R⁷⁰³ and R⁷⁰⁴, together with the C atoms to which they areattached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 to 3 heteroatoms,and the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with C₁₋₄ alkyl.

For example, R⁷⁰³ and R⁷⁰⁴, together with the C atoms to which they areattached, form a 5 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 1 to 3heteroatoms, and the heterocycloalkyl ring is optionally substitutedwith C₁₋₄ alkyl.

For example, R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰², together with the N and C atoms to whichthey are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl or a 5 to6-membered heterocycloalkyl, and R⁷⁰³ and R⁷⁰⁴, together with the Catoms to which they are attached, form C₅-C₆ cycloalkyl, a 5- or6-membered heteroaryl, or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring.

For example, R₆ is halo, e.g., F, Cl, or Br.

For example, R₆ is Cl.

For example, R₆ is unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or 5- or6-membered heteroaryl.

For example, R₆ is phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl substitutedwith O—C₁₋₆ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₆ alkyl, each of which is optionallysubstituted with hydroxyl, O—C₁₋₃ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl, each of theO—C₁₋₃ alkyl and NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl being optionally further substituted withO—C₁₋₃ alkyl or NH—C₁₋₃ alkyl.

For example, R₆ is

The compounds of this invention also include those of Formula (V) orpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

wherein,

-   -   V¹ is N or CR^(7′),    -   V² is N or CR^(2′), provided when V¹ is N, V² is N,    -   X′ and Z′ are selected independently from the group consisting        of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted        or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or        —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        heterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or

—(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted orsubstituted aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substitutedheteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, halo, cyano, —COR^(a′),—CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′),—SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);

-   -   Y′ is H or halo;    -   R^(1′) is (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl,        unsubstituted or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted        or substituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or        —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        heterocycloalkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or        substituted heterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl        or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl,        unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or        —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),        —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′);    -   R^(2′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, or        halo, in which said (C₁-C₈)alkyl is optionally substituted with        one to two groups selected from amino and (C₁-C₃)alkylamino;    -   R^(7′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, or alkoxy;    -   R^(3′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl,        —NR^(a′)R^(b′), or halo;    -   R^(6′) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo,        (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, unsubstituted or        substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl,        unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted heterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or        substituted aryl, unsubstituted or substituted        aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl,        unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, cyano,        —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),        —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′),

—SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), —OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);

-   -   wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,        cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl,        or heteroaryl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3        groups independently selected from the group consisting of        —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂, —S(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂,        —(C₁-C₈)alkyl-heterocycloalkyl,        (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl, halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,        (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano,        —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′),        —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),        —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′),

—NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OC(O)R^(a′), OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, andheteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

-   -   wherein any aryl or heteroaryl moiety of said aryl, heteroaryl,        aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or heteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl is optionally        substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from the        group consisting of halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano, —COR^(a′),        —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′),

—SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′) R^(b′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and —OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);

-   -   R^(a′) and R^(b′) are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,        (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,        aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl,        (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group is optionally        substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from        halo, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,        ((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl,

—CONH₂, —CONH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CON((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl),—SO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, andSO₂N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl);

-   -   or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which        they are attached represent a 5-8 membered saturated or        unsaturated ring, optionally containing an additional heteroatom        selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is        optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently        selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, amino,        (C₁-C₄)alkylamino, ((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, hydroxyl,        oxo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein said        ring is optionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring;    -   or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which        they are attached represent a 6- to 10-membered bridged bicyclic        ring system optionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,        heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring; and    -   each R^(c′) is independently (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,        —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),        —NR^(a′)R^(b′), or —CO₂R^(a′).

Subgroups of the compounds encompassed by the general structure ofFormula (IV) are represented as follows:

Subgroup A of Formula (V)

X′ and Z′ are selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),and —OR^(a′);

Y is H or F;

R^(1′) is selected from the group consisting of (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;

R^(2′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, or halo, inwhich said (C₁-C₈)alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two groupsselected from amino and (C₁-C₃)alkylamino;

R^(7′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, or alkoxy;

R^(3′) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,cyano, trifluoromethyl, —NR^(a′)R^(b′), and halo;

R^(6′) is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, cyano,trifluoromethyl, amino, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl; aryl,heteroaryl, acylamino; (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkynyl;—SO₂R^(a′); —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′) and —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′); wherein any(C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, arylalkynyl,heteroarylalkynyl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groupsindependently selected from —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂,—S(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂,—(C₁-C₈)alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl,halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl,(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),—SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro,—NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′),—OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), —OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), heterocycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and heteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

R^(a′) and R^(b′) are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl,(C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, whereinsaid (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groupis optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selectedfrom halo, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CONH₂,—CONH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CON((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —SO₂N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl);

or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which they areattached represent a 5-8 membered saturated or unsaturated ring,optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by 1,2 or 3 groups independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, hydroxyl, oxo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and(C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein said ring is optionally fused to a(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring;

or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which they areattached represent a 6- to 10-membered bridged bicyclic ring systemoptionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl ring. An aryl or heteroaryl group in this particular subgroupA is selected independently from the group consisting of furan,thiophene, pyrrole, oxazole, thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxadiazole,thiadiazole, triazole, tetrazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene,benzoxazole, benzothiazole, phenyl, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine,pyrazine, triazine, tetrazine, quinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline,quinoxaline, and naphthyridine or another aryl or heteroaryl group asfollows:

wherein in (1),

A is O, NH, or S; B is CH or N, and C is hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; or

wherein in (2),

D is N or C optionally substituted by hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; or

wherein in (3),

E is NH or CH₂; F is O or CO; and G is NH or CH₂; or

wherein in (4),

J is O, S or CO; or

wherein in (5),

Q is CH or N;

M is CH or N; and

L/(5) is hydrogen, halo, amino, cyano, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,—COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), or—OR^(a′),

wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl or (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl group is optionallysubstituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′),—SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′); wherein R^(a′) and R^(b′) are defined as above; or

wherein in (6),

L/(6) is NH or CH₂; or

wherein in (7),

M/(7) is hydrogen, halo, amino, cyano, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),—CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), or —OR^(a′),

wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl groupis optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selectedfrom (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl,(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),—SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro,—NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′),—OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and —OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′); wherein R^(a′) andR^(b′) are defined as above; or

wherein in (8),

P is CH₂, NH, O, or S; Q/(8) is CH or N; and n is 0-2; or

wherein in (9),

S/(9) and T/(9) is C, or S/(9) is C and T/(9) is N, or S/(9) is N andT/(9) is C;

R is hydrogen, amino, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or halo;

U is hydrogen, halo, amino, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₃-C₅)cycloalkyl, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SO₂R^(a′),—SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), or 4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl),

wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl or (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl group is optionallysubstituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), SOR^(a′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′); wherein R^(a′) and R^(b′) are defined as above.

Subgroup B of Formula (V)

X′ and Z′ are selected independently from the group consisting of(C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,—NR^(a′)R^(b′), and —OR^(a′);

Y′ is H;

R^(1′) is (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkyl;

R^(2′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, or halo, in which said (C₁-C₃)alkyl isoptionally substituted with one to two groups selected from amino and(C₁-C₃)alkylamino;

R^(7′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, or alkoxy;

R^(3′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl or halo;

R^(6′) is hydrogen, halo, cyano, trifluoromethyl, amino, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, acylamino; (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,arylalkynyl, heteroarylalkynyl, —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), or—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′);

wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,arylalkynyl, or heteroarylalkynyl group is optionally substituted by 1,2 or 3 groups independently selected from halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano,—COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′),—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and heteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl;

R^(a′) and R^(b′) are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl,(C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, whereinsaid (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl groupis optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selectedfrom halo, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, —CO₂H, —CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CONH₂,—CONH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CON((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—SO₂NH₂, —SO₂NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and —SO₂N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl);

or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which they areattached represent a 5-8 membered saturated or unsaturated ring,optionally containing an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by 1,2 or 3 groups independently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl,(C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, amino, (C₁-C₄)alkylamino,((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, hydroxyl, oxo, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and(C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein said ring is optionally fused to a(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring;

or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which they areattached represent a 6- to 10-membered bridged bicyclic ring systemoptionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl ring. Aryl and heteroaryl in this definition are selectedfrom the group consisting of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, oxazole,thiazole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole,tetrazole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzoxazole, benzothiazole,phenyl, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, triazine, tetrazine,quinoline, cinnoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline, and naphthyridine or acompound of another aryl or heteroaryl group as follows:

wherein in (1),

A is O, NH, or S; B is CH or N, and C is hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; or

wherein in (2),

D is N or C optionally substituted by hydrogen or C₁-C₈ alkyl; or

wherein in (3),

E is NH or CH₂; F is O or CO; and G is NH or CH₂; or

wherein in (4),

J is O, S or CO; or

wherein in (5),

Q is CH or N;

M is CH or N; and

L/(5) is hydrogen, halo, amino, cyano, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,—COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), or—OR^(a′),

wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, group is optionallysubstituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′) R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),

wherein R^(a′) and R^(b′) are defined as above; or

wherein in (6),

L/(6) is NH or CH₂; or

wherein in (7),

M/(7) is hydrogen, halo, amino, cyano, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),—CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), or —OR^(a′),

wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl group isoptionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);

wherein R^(a′) and R^(b′) are defined as above; or

wherein in (8),

P is CH₂, NH, O, or S; Q/(8) is CH or N; and n is 0-2; or

wherein in (9),

S/(9) and T/(9) is C, or S/(9) is C and T/(9) is N, or S/(9) is N andT/(9) is C;

R is hydrogen, amino, methyl, trifluoromethyl, halo;

U is hydrogen, halo, amino, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —COR^(a), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SO₂R^(a′),—SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), or 4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl),

wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, or (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl group is optionallysubstituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selected from(C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl,cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′),—SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′),

—NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), wherein R^(a′) and R^(b′) are defined as above.

Subgroup C of Formula (V)

X′ is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, trifluoromethyl, tetrahydropyran,hydroxymethyl, methoxymethyl, or benzyl;

Y′ is H;

Z′ is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, trifluoromethyl, or benzyl;

R^(1′) is isopropyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl,(1-methylethyl)cyclopropyl, 1,1-dioxo-tetrahydrothiophene-3-yl,1-Me-piperidin-4-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydropyran-4-yl,N,N-dimethyl-1-propanaminyl, benzyl, or 4-pyridyl;

R^(2′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, or halo, in which said (C₁-C₃)alkyl isoptionally substituted with one to two groups selected from amino and(C₁-C₃)alkylamino;

R^(7′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, or alkoxy;

R^(3′) is H, methyl, or Br; and

R^(6′) is methyl, bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), bis(1-methylethyl),cyclopropyl, propyl, dimethylamino, ethylamino, (2-hydroxyethyl)amino,2-propen-1-ylamino, 1-piperazinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl,4-piperidinylamino, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-ylamino, phenylamino,(phenylmethyl)amino, (4-pyridinylmethyl)amino,[2-(2-pyridinylamino)ethyl]amino, 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino,4-pyridinylamino, 4-(aminocarbonyl)phenyl]amino,3-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-butyn-1-yl, 4-pyridinylethynyl, phenylethynyl,2-furanyl, 3-thienyl; 1H-pyrazol-4-yl, 1H-pyrazol-5-yl, 1H-indazol-6-yl,3-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl, 1H-1,2,3-benzotriazol-5-yl,2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimidazol-5-yl, 2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl,2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-yl, benzoxadiazol-5-yl,2-amino-6-quinazolinyl, 2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5-pyrimidinyl,2-amino-5-pyrimidinyl, 7-oxo-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-3-yl,phenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 2-nitrophenyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-aminophenyl,4-aminophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 4-(methyloxy)phenyl,3-(acetylamino)phenyl, 4-(acetylamino)phenyl, 4-(aminocarbonyl)phenyl,4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl, 4-(aminosulfonyl)phenyl,4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl, 4-[(dimethylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl,4-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl, 4-[(methylamino)sulfonyl]phenyl,4-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4-pyridinyl,2-(4-morpholinyl)-4-pyridinyl, 2-amino-4-pyridinyl,5-(methyloxy)-3-pyridinyl, 5-(methylsulfonyl)-3-pyridinyl,5-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(methyloxy)-3-pyridinyl,5-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]-3-pyridinyl,6-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-pyridinyl, 6-(4-morpholinyl)-3-pyridinyl,6-(acetylamino)-3-pyridinyl, 6-(dimethylamino)-3-pyridinyl,6-(methyloxy)-3-pyridinyl, 6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]-3-pyridinyl,6-[(methylamino)sulfonyl]-3-pyridinyl, 6-methyl-3-pyridinyl, or4-pyridinyloxy.

Representative compounds of the present invention include compoundslisted in Tables 1-4. In Table 2, X₁ through X₄ and Y₁ through Y₃ are asdefined herein for Formula (IV). In Table 3, except for R₆ and R₇,variables such as X₂ through X₄, Y₁, Y₃R₁, and R₂ are as defined hereinfor Formula (IV). In Table 3 or 4, R′″ is T₅, —C(O)T₅, or S(O)₂T₅, andthe other variables such as X₂ through X₄, Y₁, Y₃, R₁, R₂, R₆, T₅ andT_(5a) are as defined herein for Formula (IV).

TABLE 1 Compound MS Number Structure (M + 1)⁺  1

477.30  2

479.4  3

 4

527.50  5

 6

 7

 8

 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

TABLE 2

Structure of Z Structure of Z Structure of Z

TABLE 3

Structure of R₆ Structure of R₆ Structure of R₆

TABLE 4

Structure of R₇

In certain embodiments, compounds listed in Table 2 have the R₆ and R₇as listed in Table 3 and/or the R₇ as listed in Table 4 above.

As used herein, “alkyl”, “C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ alkyl” or “C₁-C₆alkyl” is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ straight chain(linear) saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups. For example, C₁-C₆alkyl is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl groups.Examples of alkyl include, moieties having from one to six carbon atoms,such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl,s-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl or n-hexyl.

In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkyl has six orfewer carbon atoms (e.g., C₁-C₆ for straight chain, C₃-C₆ for branchedchain), and in another embodiment, a straight chain or branched alkylhas four or fewer carbon atoms.

As used herein, the term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated orunsaturated nonaromatic hydrocarbon mono- or multi-ring (e.g., fused,bridged, or spiro rings) system having 3 to 30 carbon atoms (e.g.,C₃-C₁₀). Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and adamantyl.The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or unsaturatednonaromatic 3-8 membered monocyclic, 7-12 membered bicyclic (fused,bridged, or spiro rings), or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system(fused, bridged, or spiro rings) having one or more heteroatoms (such asO, N, S, or Se), unless specified otherwise. Examples ofheterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, piperidinyl,piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, isoindolinyl,indolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl,triazolidinyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, oxiranyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl,thietanyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyranyl,dihydropyranyl, pyranyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl,1,4-diazepanyl, 1,4-oxazepanyl, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl,2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl, 2-oxa-6-azaspiro[3.3]heptanyl,2,6-diazaspiro[3.3]heptanyl, 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl,1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanyl, 1-oxaspiro[4.5]decanyl,1-azaspiro[4.5]decanyl, 3′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,1′-isobenzofuran]-yl,7′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,5′-furo[3,4-b]pyridin]-yl,3′H-spiro[cyclohexane-1,1′-furo[3,4-c]pyridin]-yl, and the like.

The term “optionally substituted alkyl” refers to unsubstituted alkyl oralkyl having designated substituents replacing one or more hydrogenatoms on one or more carbons of the hydrocarbon backbone. Suchsubstituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen,hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino(including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino andalkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl,alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido,heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

An “arylalkyl” or an “aralkyl” moiety is an alkyl substituted with anaryl (e.g., phenylmethyl (benzyl)). An “alkylaryl” moiety is an arylsubstituted with an alkyl (e.g., methylphenyl).

As used herein, “alkyl linker” is intended to include C₁, C₂, C₃, C₄, C₅or C₆ straight chain (linear) saturated divalent aliphatic hydrocarbongroups and C₃, C₄, C₅ or C₆ branched saturated aliphatic hydrocarbongroups. For example, C₁-C₆ alkyl linker is intended to include C₁, C₂,C₃, C₄, C₅ and C₆ alkyl linker groups. Examples of alkyl linker include,moieties having from one to six carbon atoms, such as, but not limitedto, methyl (—CH₂—), ethyl (—CH₂CH₂—), n-propyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂—), i-propyl(—CHCH₃CH₂—), n-butyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), s-butyl (—CHCH₃CH₂CH₂—), i-butyl(—C(CH₃)₂CH₂—), n-pentyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—), s-pentyl(—CHCH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—) or n-hexyl (—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂—).

“Alkenyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length andpossible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain atleast one double bond. For example, the term “alkenyl” includes straightchain alkenyl groups (e.g., ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl,hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl), and branched alkenylgroups. In certain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkenylgroup has six or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ forstraight chain, C₃-C₆ for branched chain). The term “C₂-C₆” includesalkenyl groups containing two to six carbon atoms. The term “C₃-C₆”includes alkenyl groups containing three to six carbon atoms.

The term “optionally substituted alkenyl” refers to unsubstitutedalkenyl or alkenyl having designated substituents replacing one or morehydrogen atoms on one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms. Suchsubstituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen,hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino(including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino andalkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl,alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano,heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

“Alkynyl” includes unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length andpossible substitution to the alkyls described above, but which containat least one triple bond. For example, “alkynyl” includes straight chainalkynyl groups (e.g., ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl,heptynyl, octynyl, nonynyl, decynyl), and branched alkynyl groups. Incertain embodiments, a straight chain or branched alkynyl group has sixor fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., C₂-C₆ for straight chain,C₃-C₆ for branched chain). The term “C₂-C₆” includes alkynyl groupscontaining two to six carbon atoms. The term “C₃-C₆” includes alkynylgroups containing three to six carbon atoms.

The term “optionally substituted alkynyl” refers to unsubstitutedalkynyl or alkynyl having designated substituents replacing one or morehydrogen atoms on one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms. Suchsubstituents can include, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen,hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino(including alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino andalkylarylamino), acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino,arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl,alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl,sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido,heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety.

Other optionally substituted moieties (such as optionally substitutedcycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl) include both theunsubstituted moieties and the moieties having one or more of thedesignated substituents. For example, substituted heterocycloalkylincludes those substituted with one or more alkyl groups, such as2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl and2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl.

“Aryl” includes groups with aromaticity, including “conjugated,” ormulticyclic systems with at least one aromatic ring and do not containany heteroatom in the ring structure. Examples include phenyl, benzyl,1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, etc.

“Heteroaryl” groups are aryl groups, as defined above, except havingfrom one to four heteroatoms in the ring structure, and may also bereferred to as “aryl heterocycles” or “heteroaromatics.” As used herein,the term “heteroaryl” is intended to include a stable 5-, 6-, or7-membered monocyclic or 7-, 8-, 9-, 10-, 11- or 12-membered bicyclicaromatic heterocyclic ring which consists of carbon atoms and one ormore heteroatoms, e.g., 1 or 1-2 or 1-3 or 1-4 or 1-5 or 1-6heteroatoms, or e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 heteroatoms, independentlyselected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Thenitrogen atom may be substituted or unsubstituted (i.e., N or NR whereinR is H or other substituents, as defined). The nitrogen and sulfurheteroatoms may optionally be oxidized (i.e., N→O and S(O)_(p), wherep=1 or 2). It is to be noted that total number of S and O atoms in thearomatic heterocycle is not more than 1.

Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyrrole, furan, thiophene,thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, pyrazole,oxazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, and thelike.

Furthermore, the terms “aryl” and “heteroaryl” include multicyclic aryland heteroaryl groups, e.g., tricyclic, bicyclic, e.g., naphthalene,benzoxazole, benzodioxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole,benzothiophene, quinoline, isoquinoline, naphthrydine, indole,benzofuran, purine, benzofuran, deazapurine, indolizine.

In the case of multicyclic aromatic rings, only one of the rings needsto be aromatic (e.g., 2,3-dihydroindole), although all of the rings maybe aromatic (e.g., quinoline). The second ring can also be fused orbridged.

The cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring can besubstituted at one or more ring positions (e.g., the ring-forming carbonor heteroatom such as N) with such substituents as described above, forexample, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkoxy,alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, arylcarbonyl,aralkylcarbonyl, alkenylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl,alkylthiocarbonyl, phosphate, phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (includingalkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety. Aryl and heteroarylgroups can also be fused or bridged with alicyclic or heterocyclicrings, which are not aromatic so as to form a multicyclic system (e.g.,tetralin, methylenedioxyphenyl such as benzo [d][1,3]dioxole-5-yl).

As used herein, “carbocycle” or “carbocyclic ring” is intended toinclude any stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring having thespecified number of carbons, any of which may be saturated, unsaturated,or aromatic. Carbocycle includes cycloalkyl and aryl. For example, aC₃-C₁₄ carbocycle is intended to include a monocyclic, bicyclic ortricyclic ring having 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 carbonatoms. Examples of carbocycles include, but are not limited to,cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl,cyclohexyl, cycloheptenyl, cycloheptyl, cycloheptenyl, adamantyl,cyclooctyl, cyclooctenyl, cyclooctadienyl, fluorenyl, phenyl, naphthyl,indanyl, adamantyl and tetrahydronaphthyl. Bridged rings are alsoincluded in the definition of carbocycle, including, for example,[3.3.0]bicyclooctane, [4.3.0]bicyclononane, and [4.4.0] bicyclodecaneand [2.2.2] bicyclooctane. A bridged ring occurs when one or more carbonatoms link two non-adjacent carbon atoms. In one embodiment, bridgerings are one or two carbon atoms. It is noted that a bridge alwaysconverts a monocyclic ring into a tricyclic ring. When a ring isbridged, the substituents recited for the ring may also be present onthe bridge. Fused (e.g., naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl) and spiro ringsare also included.

As used herein, “heterocycle” or “heterocyclic group” includes any ringstructure (saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic) which contains at leastone ring heteroatom (e.g., N, O or S). Heterocycle includesheterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl. Examples of heterocycles include, butare not limited to, morpholine, pyrrolidine, tetrahydrothiophene,piperidine, piperazine, oxetane, pyran, tetrahydropyran, azetidine, andtetrahydrofuran.

Examples of heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to,acridinyl, azocinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl,benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl,benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH-carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl,chromenyl, cinnolinyl, decahydroquinolinyl, 2H,6H-1,5,2-dithiazinyl,dihydrofuro[2,3-b]tetrahydrofuran, furanyl, furazanyl, imidazolidinyl,imidazolinyl, imidazolyl, 1H-indazolyl, indolenyl, indolinyl,indolizinyl, indolyl, 3H-indolyl, isatinoyl, isobenzofuranyl,isochromanyl, isoindazolyl, isoindolinyl, isoindolyl, isoquinolinyl,isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, methylenedioxyphenyl (e.g.,benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-yl), morpholinyl, naphthyridinyl,octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl,1,2,4-oxadiazol5(4H)-one, oxazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxindolyl,pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, phenanthrolinyl, phenazinyl,phenothiazinyl, phenoxathinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, piperazinyl,piperidinyl, piperidonyl, 4-piperidonyl, piperonyl, pteridinyl, purinyl,pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl,pyridooxazole, pyridoimidazole, pyridothiazole, pyridinyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl,quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinuclidinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl,tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5-thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl,1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl,thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl,thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl,1,2,4-triazolyl, 1,2,5-triazolyl, 1,3,4-triazolyl and xanthenyl.

The term “substituted,” as used herein, means that any one or morehydrogen atoms on the designated atom is replaced with a selection fromthe indicated groups, provided that the designated atom's normal valencyis not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.When a substituent is oxo or keto (i.e., ═O), then 2 hydrogen atoms onthe atom are replaced. Keto substituents are not present on aromaticmoieties. Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that areformed between two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C═C, C═N or N═N). “Stablecompound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound thatis sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purityfrom a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeuticagent.

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting twoatoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in thering. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via whichsuch substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a givenformula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in suchformula. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible,but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

When any variable (e.g., R) occurs more than one time in any constituentor formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence isindependent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, forexample, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2R moieties, thenthe group may optionally be substituted with up to two R moieties and Rat each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of R₁.Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible, butonly if such combinations result in stable compounds.

The term “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” includes groups with an —OH or —O⁻.

As used herein, “halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo andiodo. The term “perhalogenated” generally refers to a moiety wherein allhydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms. The term “haloalkyl” or“haloalkoxyl” refers to an alkyl or alkoxyl substituted with one or morehalogen atoms.

The term “carbonyl” includes compounds and moieties which contain acarbon connected with a double bond to an oxygen atom. Examples ofmoieties containing a carbonyl include, but are not limited to,aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, esters, anhydrides, etc.

The term “carboxyl” refers to —COOH or its C₁-C₆ alkyl ester.

“Acyl” includes moieties that contain the acyl radical (R—C(O)—) or acarbonyl group. “Substituted acyl” includes acyl groups where one ormore of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by, for example, alkyl groups,alkynyl groups, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate,phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino,arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino), acylamino (includingalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino,imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates,alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moiety.

“Aroyl” includes moieties with an aryl or heteroaromatic moiety bound toa carbonyl group. Examples of aroyl groups include phenylcarboxy,naphthyl carboxy, etc.

“Alkoxyalkyl,” “alkylaminoalkyl,” and “thioalkoxyalkyl” include alkylgroups, as described above, wherein oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur atomsreplace one or more hydrocarbon backbone carbon atoms.

The term “alkoxy” or “alkoxyl” includes substituted and unsubstitutedalkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups covalently linked to an oxygen atom.Examples of alkoxy groups or alkoxyl radicals include, but are notlimited to, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropyloxy, propoxy, butoxy and pentoxygroups. Examples of substituted alkoxy groups include halogenated alkoxygroups. The alkoxy groups can be substituted with groups such asalkenyl, alkynyl, halogen, hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, phosphate,phosphonato, phosphinato, amino (including alkylamino, dialkylamino,arylamino, diarylamino, and alkylarylamino), acylamino (includingalkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido), amidino,imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio, thiocarboxylate, sulfates,alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl, sulfonamido, nitro,trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, or an aromaticor heteroaromatic moieties. Examples of halogen substituted alkoxygroups include, but are not limited to, fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy,trifluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, dichloromethoxy and trichloromethoxy.

The term “ether” or “alkoxy” includes compounds or moieties whichcontain an oxygen bonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms. Forexample, the term includes “alkoxyalkyl,” which refers to an alkyl,alkenyl, or alkynyl group covalently bonded to an oxygen atom which iscovalently bonded to an alkyl group.

The term “ester” includes compounds or moieties which contain a carbonor a heteroatom bound to an oxygen atom which is bonded to the carbon ofa carbonyl group. The term “ester” includes alkoxycarboxy groups such asmethoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl,pentoxycarbonyl, etc.

The term “thioalkyl” includes compounds or moieties which contain analkyl group connected with a sulfur atom. The thioalkyl groups can besubstituted with groups such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, halogen,hydroxyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, arylcarbonyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy,aryloxycarbonyloxy, carboxylate, carboxyacid, alkylcarbonyl,arylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl,dialkylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, alkoxyl, amino (includingalkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino and alkylarylamino),acylamino (including alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyland ureido), amidino, imino, sulfhydryl, alkylthio, arylthio,thiocarboxylate, sulfates, alkylsulfinyl, sulfonato, sulfamoyl,sulfonamido, nitro, trifluoromethyl, cyano, azido, heterocyclyl,alkylaryl, or an aromatic or heteroaromatic moieties.

The term “thiocarbonyl” or “thiocarboxy” includes compounds and moietieswhich contain a carbon connected with a double bond to a sulfur atom.

The term “thioether” includes moieties which contain a sulfur atombonded to two carbon atoms or heteroatoms. Examples of thioethersinclude, but are not limited to alkthioalkyls, alkthioalkenyls, andalkthioalkynyls. The term “alkthioalkyls” include moieties with analkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl group bonded to a sulfur atom which is bondedto an alkyl group. Similarly, the term “alkthioalkenyls” refers tomoieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl group is bonded to asulfur atom which is covalently bonded to an alkenyl group; andalkthioalkynyls” refers to moieties wherein an alkyl, alkenyl or alkynylgroup is bonded to a sulfur atom which is covalently bonded to analkynyl group.

As used herein, “amine” or “amino” refers to unsubstituted orsubstituted —NH₂. “Alkylamino” includes groups of compounds whereinnitrogen of —NH₂ is bound to at least one alkyl group. Examples ofalkylamino groups include benzylamino, methylamino, ethylamino,phenethylamino, etc. “Dialkylamino” includes groups wherein the nitrogenof —NH₂ is bound to at least two additional alkyl groups. Examples ofdialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino anddiethylamine. “Arylamino” and “diarylamino” include groups wherein thenitrogen is bound to at least one or two aryl groups, respectively.“Aminoacyl” and “aminoaryloxy” refer to aryl and aryloxy substitutedwith amino. “Alkylarylamino,” “alkylaminoaryl” or “arylaminoalkyl”refers to an amino group which is bound to at least one alkyl group andat least one aryl group. “Alkaminoalkyl” refers to an alkyl, alkenyl, oralkynyl group bound to a nitrogen atom which is also bound to an alkylgroup. “Acylamino” includes groups wherein nitrogen is bound to an acylgroup. Examples of acylamino include, but are not limited to,alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, carbamoyl and ureido groups.

The term “amide” or “aminocarboxy” includes compounds or moieties thatcontain a nitrogen atom that is bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or athiocarbonyl group. The term includes “alkaminocarboxy” groups thatinclude alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups bound to an amino group whichis bound to the carbon of a carbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. It alsoincludes “arylaminocarboxy” groups that include aryl or heteroarylmoieties bound to an amino group that is bound to the carbon of acarbonyl or thiocarbonyl group. The terms “alkylaminocarboxy”,“alkenylaminocarboxy”, “alkynylaminocarboxy” and “arylaminocarboxy”include moieties wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and aryl moieties,respectively, are bound to a nitrogen atom which is in turn bound to thecarbon of a carbonyl group. Amides can be substituted with substituentssuch as straight chain alkyl, branched alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl or heterocycle. Substituents on amide groups may be furthersubstituted.

Compounds of the present invention that contain nitrogens can beconverted to N-oxides by treatment with an oxidizing agent (e.g.,3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) and/or hydrogen peroxides) to affordother compounds of the present invention. Thus, all shown and claimednitrogen-containing compounds are considered, when allowed by valencyand structure, to include both the compound as shown and its N-oxidederivative (which can be designated as N→O or N⁺—O⁻). Furthermore, inother instances, the nitrogens in the compounds of the present inventioncan be converted to N-hydroxy or N-alkoxy compounds. For example,N-hydroxy compounds can be prepared by oxidation of the parent amine byan oxidizing agent such as m-CPBA. All shown and claimednitrogen-containing compounds are also considered, when allowed byvalency and structure, to cover both the compound as shown and itsN-hydroxy (i.e., N—OH) and N-alkoxy (i.e., N—OR, wherein R issubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkenyl, C₁-C₆ alkynyl,3-14-membered carbocycle or 3-14-membered heterocycle) derivatives.

In the present specification, the structural formula of the compoundrepresents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but thepresent invention includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers,optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomers,tautomers, and the like, it being understood that not all isomers mayhave the same level of activity. In addition, a crystal polymorphism maybe present for the compounds represented by the formula. It is notedthat any crystal form, crystal form mixture, or anhydride or hydratethereof is included in the scope of the present invention.

“Isomerism” means compounds that have identical molecular formulae butdiffer in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangementof their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of theiratoms in space are termed “stereoisomers.” Stereoisomers that are notmirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers,” andstereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each otherare termed “enantiomers” or sometimes optical isomers. A mixturecontaining equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of oppositechirality is termed a “racemic mixture.”

A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a“chiral center.”

“Chiral isomer” means a compound with at least one chiral center.Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as anindividual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed“diastereomeric mixture.” When one chiral center is present, astereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S)of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangementin space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. Thesubstituents attached to the chiral center under consideration areranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog.(Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385; errata 511; Cahnet al., Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 413; Cahn and Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951(London), 612; Cahn et al., Experientia 1956, 12, 81; Cahn, J. Chem.Educ. 1964, 41, 116).

“Geometric isomer” means the diastereomers that owe their existence tohindered rotation about double bonds or a cycloalkyl linker (e.g.,1,3-cylcobutyl). These configurations are differentiated in their namesby the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E, which indicate that thegroups are on the same or opposite side of the double bond in themolecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.

It is to be understood that the compounds of the present invention maybe depicted as different chiral isomers or geometric isomers. It shouldalso be understood that when compounds have chiral isomeric or geometricisomeric forms, all isomeric forms are intended to be included in thescope of the present invention, and the naming of the compounds does notexclude any isomeric forms, it being understood that not all isomers mayhave the same level of activity.

Furthermore, the structures and other compounds discussed in thisinvention include all atropic isomers thereof, it being understood thatnot all atropic isomers may have the same level of activity. “Atropicisomers” are a type of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomersare arranged differently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existenceto a restricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groupsabout a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture,however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques, ithas been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in selectcases.

“Tautomer” is one of two or more structural isomers that exist inequilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another.This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atomaccompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomersexist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solutions wheretautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomerswill be reached. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on severalfactors, including temperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomersthat are interconvertable by tautomerizations is called tautomerism.

Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonlyobserved. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons anda hydrogen atom occurs. Ring-chain tautomerism arises as a result of thealdehyde group (—CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of thehydroxy groups (—OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic(ring-shaped) form as exhibited by glucose.

Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide-nitrile, lactam-lactim,amide-imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g., innucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), imine-enamine andenamine-enamine. An example of keto-enol equilibria is betweenpyridin-4(1H)-ones and the corresponding pyridin-4-ols, as shown below.

It is to be understood that the compounds of the present invention maybe depicted as different tautomers. It should also be understood thatwhen compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intendedto be included in the scope of the present invention, and the naming ofthe compounds does not exclude any tautomer form. It will be understoodthat certain tautomers may have a higher level of activity than others.

The term “crystal polymorphs”, “polymorphs” or “crystal forms” meanscrystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof)can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of whichhave the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usuallyhave different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, meltingpoints, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electricalproperties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate ofcrystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause onecrystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can beprepared by crystallization under different conditions.

The compounds of any Formula described herein include the compoundsthemselves, as well as their salts, and their solvates, if applicable. Asalt, for example, can be formed between an anion and a positivelycharged group (e.g., amino) on a 1,4-pyridone bicyclic heteroarylcompound. Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate,bisulfate, sulfamate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate,trifluoroacetate, glutamate, glucuronate, glutarate, malate, maleate,succinate, fumarate, tartrate, tosylate, salicylate, lactate,naphthalenesulfonate, and acetate (e.g., trifluoroacetate). The term“pharmaceutically acceptable anion” refers to an anion suitable forforming a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Likewise, a salt can also beformed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g.,carboxylate) on a 1,4-pyridone bicyclic heteroaryl compound. Suitablecations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion,and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion. The 1,4-pyridonebicyclic heteroaryl compounds also include those salts containingquaternary nitrogen atoms.

Additionally, the compounds of the present invention, for example, thesalts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (theanhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimitingexamples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimitingexamples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

“Solvate” means solvent addition forms that contain eitherstoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compoundshave a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in thecrystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is waterthe solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, thesolvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combinationof one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance inwhich the water retains its molecular state as H₂O.

As used herein, the term “analog” refers to a chemical compound that isstructurally similar to another but differs slightly in composition (asin the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element or inthe presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of onefunctional group by another functional group). Thus, an analog is acompound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance, butnot in structure or origin to the reference compound.

As defined herein, the term “derivative” refers to compounds that have acommon core structure, and are substituted with various groups asdescribed herein. For example, all of the compounds represented byFormula (IV) or (V) are 1,4-pyridone bicyclic heteroaryl compounds, andhave Formula (IV) or (V) as a common core.

The term “bioisostere” refers to a compound resulting from the exchangeof an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom orgroup of atoms. The objective of a bioisosteric replacement is to createa new compound with similar biological properties to the parentcompound. The bioisosteric replacement may be physicochemically ortopologically based. Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include,but are not limited to, acyl sulfonimides, tetrazoles, sulfonates andphosphonates. See, e.g., Patani and LaVoie, Chem. Rev. 96, 3147-3176,1996.

The present invention is intended to include all isotopes of atomsoccurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms havingthe same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of generalexample and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium anddeuterium, and isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.

The present invention provides methods for the synthesis of thecompounds of any of the Formulae described herein. The present inventionalso provides detailed methods for the synthesis of various disclosedcompounds of the present invention according to the following schemes asshown in the Examples.

Throughout the description, where compositions are described as having,including, or comprising specific components, it is contemplated thatcompositions also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recitedcomponents. Similarly, where methods or processes are described ashaving, including, or comprising specific process steps, the processesalso consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processingsteps. Further, it should be understood that the order of steps or orderfor performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the inventionremains operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions can beconducted simultaneously.

The synthetic processes of the invention can tolerate a wide variety offunctional groups, therefore various substituted starting materials canbe used. The processes generally provide the desired final compound ator near the end of the overall process, although it may be desirable incertain instances to further convert the compound to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof.

Compounds of the present invention can be prepared in a variety of waysusing commercially available starting materials, compounds known in theliterature, or from readily prepared intermediates, by employingstandard synthetic methods and procedures either known to those skilledin the art, or which will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light ofthe teachings herein. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for thepreparation of organic molecules and functional group transformationsand manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientificliterature or from standard textbooks in the field. Although not limitedto any one or several sources, classic texts such as Smith, M. B.,March, J., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms,and Structure, 5^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001;Greene, T. W., Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999; R. Larock,Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers (1989); L. Fieserand M. Fieser, Fieser and Fieser's Reagents for Organic Synthesis, JohnWiley and Sons (1994); and L. Paquette, ed., Encyclopedia of Reagentsfor Organic Synthesis, John Wiley and Sons (1995), incorporated byreference herein, are useful and recognized reference textbooks oforganic synthesis known to those in the art. The following descriptionsof synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not to limit,general procedures for the preparation of compounds of the presentinvention.

Compounds of the present invention can be conveniently prepared by avariety of methods familiar to those skilled in the art or thosedescribed in WO 2012/142504, WO 2012/142513 and WO 2012/118812, whichare incorporated herein by reference. The compounds of this inventionwith any of the Formulae described herein may be prepared according tothe procedures illustrated in Schemes 1-6 below, from commerciallyavailable starting materials or starting materials which can be preparedusing literature procedures. The Y and R groups (such as R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄,R₆, R₇, R₁₁, and Y₁) in Schemes 1-6 are as defined in any Formuladescribed herein, unless otherwise specified.

One of ordinary skill in the art will note that, during the reactionsequences and synthetic schemes described herein, the order of certainsteps may be changed, such as the introduction and removal of protectinggroups.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that certain groups mayrequire protection from the reaction conditions via the use ofprotecting groups. Protecting groups may also be used to differentiatesimilar functional groups in molecules. A list of protecting groups andhow to introduce and remove these groups can be found in Greene, T. W.,Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition,John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999.

Preferred protecting groups include, but are not limited to:

For a hydroxyl moiety: TBS, benzyl, THP, Ac

For carboxylic acids: benzyl ester, methyl ester, ethyl ester, allylester

For amines: Cbz, BOC, DMB

For diols: Ac (x2) TBS (x2), or when taken together acetonides

For thiols: Ac

For benzimidazoles: SEM, benzyl, PMB, DMB

For aldehydes: di-alkyl acetals such as dimethoxy acetal or diethylacetyl.

In the reaction schemes described herein, multiple stereoisomers may beproduced. When no particular stereoisomer is indicated, it is understoodto mean all possible stereoisomers that could be produced from thereaction. A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that thereactions can be optimized to give one isomer preferentially, or newschemes may be devised to produce a single isomer. If mixtures areproduced, techniques such as preparative thin layer chromatography,preparative HPLC, preparative chiral HPLC, or preparative SFC may beused to separate the isomers.

The following abbreviations are used throughout the specification andare defined below:

-   -   AA ammonium acetate    -   ACN acetonitrile    -   Ac acetyl    -   AcOH acetic acid    -   atm atmosphere    -   aq. Aqueous    -   BID or b.i.d. bis in die (twice a day)    -   tBuOK potassium t-butoxide    -   Bn benzyl    -   BOC tert-butoxy carbonyl    -   BOP        (benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)-phosphoniumhexafluorophosphate    -   Cbz benzyloxy carbonyl    -   CDCl₃ deuterated chloroform    -   CH₂Cl₂ dichloromethane    -   COMU        (1-Cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidenaminooxy)dimethyl-amino-morpholino-carbenium        hexafluorophosphate    -   d days    -   DBU 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene    -   DCE 1,2 dichloroethane    -   DCM dichloromethane    -   DEAD Diethyl azodicarboxylate    -   DIAD Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate    -   DiBAL-H diisobutyl aluminium hydride    -   DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine (Hunig's base)    -   DMA Dimethylacetamide    -   DMAP N, N dimethyl-4-aminopyridine    -   DMB 2,4 dimethoxy benzyl    -   DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide    -   DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide    -   DPPA Diphenylphosphonic azide    -   EA or EtOAc Ethyl acetate    -   EDC or EDCI N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide    -   Et₂O diethyl ether    -   ELS Evaporative Light Scattering    -   ESI− Electrospray negative mode    -   ESI+ Electrospray positive mode    -   Et₃N or TEA triethylamine    -   EtOH ethanol    -   FA formic acid    -   FC or FCC Flash chromatogrpahy    -   h hours    -   H₂O water    -   HATU O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium        hexafluorophosphate    -   HOAT 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole    -   HOBt 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole    -   HO-Su N-Hydroxysuccinimide    -   HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid    -   HPLC High performance liquid chromatography    -   K₂CO₃ potassium carbonate    -   KHMDs Potassium hexamethyldisilazide    -   LC/MS or LC-MS Liquid chromatography mass spectrum    -   LDA Lithium diisopropylamide    -   LiHMDs Lithium hexamethyldisilazide    -   LG leaving group    -   M Molar    -   m/z mass/charge ratio    -   m-CPBA meta-chloroperbenzoic acid    -   MeCN Acetonitrile    -   MeOD d4-methanol    -   MeI Methyl iodide    -   MS3 Å 3 Å molecular sieves    -   MgSO₄ Magnesium Sulfate    -   min minutes    -   Ms Mesyl    -   MsCl Mesyl chloride    -   MsO Mesylate    -   MS Mass Spectrum    -   MWI microwave irradiation    -   Na₂CO₃ sodium carbonate    -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate    -   NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate    -   NaHMDs Sodium hexamethyldisilazide    -   NaOH sodium hydroxide    -   NaHCO₃ sodium bicarbonate    -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate    -   NIS N-iodosuccinimide    -   NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance    -   o/n or O/N overnight    -   Pd/C Palladium on carbon    -   Pd(dppf)Cl₂.DCM [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]        dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane    -   PPAA 1-Propanephosphonic acid cyclic anhydride    -   Pd(OH)₂ Palladium dihydroxide    -   PE Petroleum Ether    -   PG protecting group    -   PMB para methoxybenzyl    -   ppm parts per million    -   p.o. per os (oral adinsitration)    -   prep HPLC preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography    -   prep TLC preparative thin layer chromatography    -   p-TsOH para-toluenesulfonic acid    -   PYBOP (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tripyrrolidinophosphonium        Hexafluorophosphate    -   QD or q.d. quaque die (once a day)    -   RBF round bottom flask    -   RP-HPLC Reverse phase High Perfomance liquid chromatography    -   Rt or RT Room temperature    -   SEM (Trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl    -   SEMCl (Trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride    -   SFC Super critical chromatography    -   SGC silica gel chromatography    -   STAB Sodium triacetoxy borohydride    -   TBAF tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride    -   TBME tert-Butyl methyl ether    -   TEA Triethylamine    -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid    -   TfO triflate    -   THF tetrahydrofuran    -   THP tetrahydropyran    -   TID or t.i.d ter in die (three times a day)    -   TLC thin layer chromatography    -   TMSCl Trimethylsilyl chloride    -   Ts tosyl    -   TsOH tosic acid    -   UV ultraviolet

Scheme 1 shows the synthesis of modified pyrazolopyridine analogsfollowing a general route that utilizes well-established chemistry.Condensation of 1H-pyrazol-3-amine with sodium(E)-1,4-diethoxy-1,4-dioxobut-2-en-2-olate in a polar solvent such aswater using a mild acid catalyst such as acetic acid can provide thehydroxyl-pyrazolopyridine (Step 1). The hydroxyl group can then beconverted to a leaving group “X” such as bromide using phosphoryltribromide at elevated temperatures in an appropriate polar solvent suchas acetonitrile to give the bromide (Step 2). Introduction of the R₇ canbe done using an appropriate R₇-LG where LG is a leaving group such asOTs or Br. Subjecting the intermediate to R₇-LG in the presence of amild base such as potassium carbonate in an appropriate polar solventsuch as acetonitrile gives the desired substituted pyrazolopyridine(Step 3). A variety of R₆ substituents can then be introduced usingstandard transition metal-based protocols that rely upon a leaving groupsuch as a bromide as a connection point or through direct SN_(Ar)displacement of the bromide with a nucleophile. The bromide can becombined with an appropriate boronic ester derivative, in the presenceof a mild base and a palladium catalyst in a polar solvent such asdioxane/water, at elevated temperature to give the desiredpyrazolopyridine ester (Step 4). Alternatively, the bromide can becombined with a nucleophile such as an amine in the presence of a mildbase such as potassium carbonate in a polar solvent such as acetone togive the desired pyrazolopyridine ester. The ester moiety can beconverted to an amide using a standard two step protocol. The ester canbe hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid using a suitable base such assodium hydroxide in a polar solvent such as ethanol (Step 5). The acidis then subjected to a standard amide coupling reaction whereupon theappropriate amine is added along with a suitable amide coupling reagentsuch as PYBOP in a suitable solvent such as DMSO to give the desiredamide (Step 6).

Scheme 2 shows the synthesis of modified indazole analogs following ageneral route that utilizes well-established chemistry. Introduction ofa nitro group to a tolyl compound can be achieved using standardnitration conditions such as nitric acid in sulfuric acid (Step 1). Theacid can be esterified by treatment with an alkylating agent such asmethyliodide in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate in anappropriate polar solvent such as DMF (Step 2). Reduction of the nitrogroup using an appropriate reducing agent such as iron with an acid suchas ammonium chloride in a protic solvent such as ethanol can provide ananiline (Step 3). Diazotization with an appropriate reagent such assodium nitrite in a polar solvent such as acetic acid can lead tocyclization to provide an indazole (Step 4). It will be apparent to oneskilled in the art that there are multiple ways to synthesize indazoles(J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 8166-8172). Introduction of the R₇ to theindazole can be done using an appropriate R₇-LG where LG is a leavinggroup such as OTs or Br. Subjecting the intermediate to R₇-LG in thepresence of a mild base such as cesium carbonate in an appropriate polarsolvent such as DMF can give the desired R₇-substituted indazole ester(Step 5). The ester moiety can be converted to an amide using a standardtwo step protocol. The ester can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acidusing a suitable base such as sodium hydroxide in a polar solvent suchas ethanol (Step 6). The acid can then be subjecting to a standard amidecoupling reaction whereupon the appropriate amine can be added alongwith a suitable amide coupling reagent such as PYBOP in a suitablesolvent such as DMSO to give the desired amide (Step 7).

When R₆ is an appropriate group such as bromide or triflate, a varietyof substituents could then be introduced using standard transitionmetal-based protocols. For example, the bromide can be combined with anappropriate boronic ester derivative, in the presence of a mild base anda palladium catalyst in a polar solvent such as dioxane/water, atelevated temperature to give the desired indazole (Step 8).

Scheme 4 shows the synthesis of modified pyridone analogs following ageneral route that utilizes well-established chemistry. Substituted1,3-dioxin-4-ones, many of which are commercially available or can bemade via rearrangement of acylated Meldrum's acid or via halogenation of1,3-dioxin-4-one followed by aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromaticcoupling reactions, or other chemistry known to ones skilled in the art,can be converted to the substituted 1,4-pyridones by reaction underheating with appropriately substituted (E)-3-aminoacrylonitriles (Step1). The resulting nitrile group can be reduced to an amine using anappropriate reducing agent such as Raney-Nickel in the presence ofhydrogen in a protic solvent such as methanol containing ammonia at anappropriate temperature such as 22° C. (Step 2).

In certain embodiments the 1,4-pyridone can be modified via alkylationor acylation protocols known to ones skilled in the art, prior tocondensation with the elaborated acid coupling partner. A variety of R₁groups can be introduced by alkylation using R₁-LG, where LG is aleaving group such as iodine, in the presence of a strong base such asNaH in an appropriate polar aprotic solvent such as DMF at anappropriate temperature such as 80° C. (Step 2).

In another protocol as depicted in Scheme 4, substituted2,4-dichloronicotinonitriles can be synthesized in two steps fromsubstituted 2-amino-4H-pyran-4-ones. Rearrangement to the4-hydroxypyridin-2(1H)-one is affected by the addition of aqueousinorganic acid and the resulting pyridone is converted into the2,4-dichloronicotinonitrile by dehydrative chlorination using anappropriate reagent such as POCl₃ in an aprotic solvent such as DMF(Steps 1-2). The nitrite group can then be reduced to an amine using anappropriate reducing agent such as Raney-Nickel in the presence ofhydrogen in a protic solvent such as methanol containing ammonia at anappropriate temperature such as 22° C. (Step 3). The resulting aminewould then be subjected to a standard amide coupling reaction whereuponthe appropriate acid (see, e.g., Scheme 1, WO 2012/142504 and WO2012/142513, which are incorporated herein by reference) would be addedalong with a suitable amide coupling reagent such as PYBOP in a suitablesolvent such as DMSO to give the desired amide (Step 4). In Steps 5 and6, the 2,4-dichloropyridine can be converted into a mixture of 1,2 and1,4-pyridones by heating in the presence of NaOH in p-methoxy benzylalcohol as solvent followed by deprotection of the resulting PMB etherswith an appropriate reagent such as TFA in an appropriate solvent suchas dichloromethane. Purification of the resulting pyridone mixture canbe accomplished using standard protocols known to ones skilled in theart including, but not limited to, RP-HPLC and preparative TLC. In Step7, the remaining chlorine is replaced with R₂ by reacting the purified1,4-pyridone with an alcohol or amine.

A person of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that in the aboveschemes the order of many of the steps are interchangeable.

Compounds of the present invention inhibit the histone methyltransferaseactivity of EZH2 or a mutant thereof and, accordingly, in one aspect ofthe invention certain compounds disclosed herein are candidates fortreating, or preventing, certain conditions and diseases in which EZH2plays a role. The present invention provides methods for treatingconditions and diseases the course of which can be influenced bymodulating the methylation status of histones or other proteins, whereinsaid methylation status is mediated at least in part by the activity ofEZH2. Modulation of the methylation status of histones can in turninfluence the level of expression of target genes activated bymethylation, and/or target genes suppressed by methylation. The methodincludes administering to a subject in need of such treatment, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph, solvate, orstereoisomeror thereof.

Unless otherwise stated, any description of a method of treatmentincludes uses of the compounds to provide such treatment or prophylaxisas is described in the specification, as well as uses of the compoundsto prepare a medicament to treat or prevent such condition. Thetreatment includes treatment of human or non-human animals includingrodents and other disease models.

In still another aspect, this invention relates to a method ofmodulating the activity of the EZH2, the catalytic subunit of the PRC2complex which catalyzes the mono- through tri-methylation of lysine 27on histone H3 (H3-K27) in a subject in need thereof. For example, themethod comprises the step of administering to a subject having a cancerexpressing a mutant EZH2 a therapeutically effective amount of acompound described herein, wherein the compound(s) inhibits histonemethyltransferase activity of EZH2, thereby treating the cancer.

For example, the EZH2-mediated cancer is selected from the groupconsisting of follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL) of germinal center B cell-like (GCB) subtype. For example, thecancer is lymphoma, leukemia or melanoma. Preferably, the lymphoma isnon-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), follicular lymphoma or diffuse largeB-cell lymphoma. Alternatively, the leukemia is chronic myelogenousleukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia ormixed lineage leukemia.

For example, the EZH2-mediated precancerous condition is myelodysplasticsyndromes (MDS, formerly known as preleukemia).

For example, the EZH2-mediated cancer is a hematological cancer.

The compound(s) of the present invention inhibit the histonemethyltransferase activity of EZH2 or a mutant thereof and, accordingly,the present invention also provides methods for treating conditions anddiseases the course of which can be influenced by modulating themethylation status of histones or other proteins, wherein saidmethylation status is mediated at least in part by the activity of EZH2.In one aspect of the invention, certain compounds disclosed herein arecandidates for treating, or preventing certain conditions and diseases.Modulation of the methylation status of histones can in turn influencethe level of expression of target genes activated by methylation, and/ortarget genes suppressed by methylation. The method includesadministering to a subject in need of such treatment, a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of the present invention.

As used herein, a “subject” is interchangeable with a “subject in needthereof”, both of which refer to a subject having a disorder in whichEZH2-mediated protein methylation plays a part, or a subject having anincreased risk of developing such disorder relative to the population atlarge. A “subject” includes a mammal. The mammal can be e.g., a human orappropriate non-human mammal, such as primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat,cow, horse, goat, camel, sheep or a pig. The subject can also be a birdor fowl. In one embodiment, the mammal is a human. A subject in needthereof can be one who has been previously diagnosed or identified ashaving cancer or a precancerous condition. A subject in need thereof canalso be one who has (e.g., is suffering from) cancer or a precancerouscondition. Alternatively, a subject in need thereof can be one who hasan increased risk of developing such disorder relative to the populationat large (i.e., a subject who is predisposed to developing such disorderrelative to the population at large). A subject in need thereof can havea precancerous condition. A subject in need thereof can have refractoryor resistant cancer (i.e., cancer that doesn't respond or hasn't yetresponded to treatment). The subject may be resistant at start oftreatment or may become resistant during treatment. In some embodiments,the subject in need thereof has cancer recurrence following remission onmost recent therapy. In some embodiments, the subject in need thereofreceived and failed all known effective therapies for cancer treatment.In some embodiments, the subject in need thereof received at least oneprior therapy. In a preferred embodiment, the subject has cancer or acancerous condition. For example, the cancer is lymphoma, leukemia,melanoma, or rhabdomyosarcoma. Preferably, the lymphoma is non-Hodgkin'slymphoma, follicular lymphoma or diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.Alternatively, the leukemia is chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Theprecancerous condition is myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS, formerly knownas preleukemia).

As used herein, “treating” or “treat” describes the management and careof a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, ordisorder and includes the administration of a compound of the presentinvention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph or solvatethereof, to alleviate the symptoms or complications of a disease,condition or disorder, or to eliminate the disease, condition ordisorder. The term “treat” can also include treatment of a cell in vitroor an animal model.

A compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, polymorph or solvate thereof, can or may also be used to prevent arelevant disease, condition or disorder, or used to identify suitablecandidates for such purposes. As used herein, “preventing,” “prevent,”or “protecting against” describes reducing or eliminating the onset ofthe symptoms or complications of such disease, condition or disorder.

Point mutations of the EZH2 gene at a single amino acid residue (e.g.,Y641, A677, and A687) of EZH2 have been reported to be linked tolymphoma. More examples of EZH2 mutants and methods of detection ofmutation and methods treatment of mutation-associated disorders aredescribed in, e.g., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US20130040906, the entire content of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

One skilled in the art may refer to general reference texts for detaileddescriptions of known techniques discussed herein or equivalenttechniques. These texts include Ausubel et al., Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2005); Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3^(rd) edition), Cold SpringHarbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2000); Coligan et al., CurrentProtocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; Enna et al., CurrentProtocols in Pharmacology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; Fingl et al., ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (1975), Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 18^(th) edition (1990).These texts can, of course, also be referred to in making or using anaspect of the invention.

As used herein, “combination therapy” or “co-therapy” includes theadministration of a compound of the present invention, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, polymorph or solvate thereof, and atleast a second agent as part of a specific treatment regimen intended toprovide the beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeuticagents. The beneficial effect of the combination includes, but is notlimited to, pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic co-action resulting fromthe combination of therapeutic agents.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising a compound of any of the Formulae described herein incombination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient orcarrier.

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing the compoundsof the present invention in a form suitable for administration to asubject. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk orin unit dosage form. The unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms,including, for example, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump onan aerosol inhaler or a vial. The quantity of active ingredient (e.g., aformulation of the disclosed compound or salt, hydrate, solvate orisomer thereof) in a unit dose of composition is an effective amount andis varied according to the particular treatment involved. One skilled inthe art will appreciate that it is sometimes necessary to make routinevariations to the dosage depending on the age and condition of thepatient. The dosage will also depend on the route of administration. Avariety of routes are contemplated, including oral, pulmonary, rectal,parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, intrapleural,intrathecal, intranasal, and the like. Dosage forms for the topical ortransdermal administration of a compound of this invention includepowders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions,patches and inhalants. In one embodiment, the active compound is mixedunder sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, andwith any preservatives, buffers, or propellants that are required.

As used herein, the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to thosecompounds, anions, cations, materials, compositions, carriers, and/ordosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment,suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animalswithout excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or otherproblem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/riskratio.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means an excipient that isuseful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe,non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, andincludes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well ashuman pharmaceutical use. A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” asused in the specification and claims includes both one and more than onesuch excipient.

A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to becompatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routesof administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), andtransmucosal administration. Solutions or suspensions used forparenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include thefollowing components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection,saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propyleneglycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzylalcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for theadjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH canbe adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodiumhydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules,disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

A compound or pharmaceutical composition of the invention can beadministered to a subject in many of the well-known methods currentlyused for chemotherapeutic treatment. For example, for treatment ofcancers, a compound of the invention may be injected directly intotumors, injected into the blood stream or body cavities or taken orallyor applied through the skin with patches. The dose chosen should besufficient to constitute effective treatment but not so high as to causeunacceptable side effects. The state of the disease condition (e.g.,cancer, precancer, and the like) and the health of the patient shouldpreferably be closely monitored during and for a reasonable period aftertreatment.

The term “therapeutically effective amount”, as used herein, refers toan amount of a pharmaceutical agent to treat, ameliorate, or prevent anidentified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeuticor inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by any assay methodknown in the art. The precise effective amount for a subject will dependupon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extentof the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeuticsselected for administration. Therapeutically effective amounts for agiven situation can be determined by routine experimentation that iswithin the skill and judgment of the clinician. In a preferred aspect,the disease or condition to be treated is cancer. In another aspect, thedisease or condition to be treated is a cell proliferative disorder.

For any compound, the therapeutically effective amount can be estimatedinitially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, orin animal models, usually rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animalmodel may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration rangeand route of administration. Such information can then be used todetermine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.Therapeutic/prophylactic efficacy and toxicity may be determined bystandard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimentalanimals, e.g., ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of thepopulation) and LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). Thedose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeuticindex, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Pharmaceuticalcompositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. Thedosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage formemployed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels ofthe active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. Factors which maybe taken into account include the severity of the disease state, generalhealth of the subject, age, weight, and gender of the subject, diet,time and frequency of administration, drug combination(s), reactionsensitivities, and tolerance/response to therapy. Long-actingpharmaceutical compositions may be administered every 3 to 4 days, everyweek, or once every two weeks depending on half-life and clearance rateof the particular formulation.

The pharmaceutical compositions containing active compounds of thepresent invention may be manufactured in a manner that is generallyknown, e.g., by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating,dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping, orlyophilizing processes. Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated ina conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers comprising excipients and/or auxiliaries that facilitateprocessing of the active compounds into preparations that can be usedpharmaceutically. Of course, the appropriate formulation is dependentupon the route of administration chosen.

Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use include sterileaqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterilepowders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectablesolutions or dispersion. For intravenous administration, suitablecarriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, CremophorEL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In allcases, the composition must be sterile and should be fluid to the extentthat easy syringeability exists. It must be stable under the conditionsof manufacture and storage and must be preserved against thecontaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Thecarrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example,water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, andliquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixturesthereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the useof a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the requiredparticle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens,chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In manycases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example,sugars, polyalcohols such as manitol and sorbitol, and sodium chloridein the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositionscan be brought about by including in the composition an agent whichdelays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the activecompound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or acombination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed byfiltered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared byincorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains abasic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from thoseenumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation ofsterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation are vacuum dryingand freeze-drying that yields a powder of the active ingredient plus anyadditional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filteredsolution thereof.

Oral compositions generally include an inert diluent or an ediblepharmaceutically acceptable carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatincapsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeuticadministration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipientsand used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositionscan also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash,wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swishedand expectorated or swallowed. Pharmaceutically compatible bindingagents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of thecomposition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like cancontain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similarnature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth orgelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agentsuch as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such asmagnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicondioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoringagent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the compounds are delivered in theform of an aerosol spray from pressured container or dispenser, whichcontains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or anebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermalmeans. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrantsappropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation.Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, forexample, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, andfusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can beaccomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. Fortransdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated intoointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.

The active compounds can be prepared with pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination fromthe body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implantsand microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially fromAlza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions(including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonalantibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811.

It is especially advantageous to formulate oral or parenteralcompositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration anduniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers tophysically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject tobe treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of activecompound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directlydependent on the unique characteristics of the active compound and theparticular therapeutic effect to be achieved.

In therapeutic applications, the dosages of the pharmaceuticalcompositions used in accordance with the invention vary depending on theagent, the age, weight, and clinical condition of the recipient patient,and the experience and judgment of the clinician or practitioneradministering the therapy, among other factors affecting the selecteddosage. Generally, the dose should be sufficient to result in slowing,and preferably regressing, the growth of the tumors and also preferablycausing complete regression of the cancer. Dosages can range from about0.01 mg/kg per day to about 5000 mg/kg per day. In preferred aspects,dosages can range from about 1 mg/kg per day to about 1000 mg/kg perday. In an aspect, the dose will be in the range of about 0.1 mg/day toabout 50 g/day; about 0.1 mg/day to about 25 g/day; about 0.1 mg/day toabout 10 g/day; about 0.1 mg to about 3 g/day; or about 0.1 mg to about1 g/day, in single, divided, or continuous doses (which dose may beadjusted for the patient's weight in kg, body surface area in m², andage in years). An effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent is thatwhich provides an objectively identifiable improvement as noted by theclinician or other qualified observer. For example, regression of atumor in a patient may be measured with reference to the diameter of atumor. Decrease in the diameter of a tumor indicates regression.Regression is also indicated by failure of tumors to reoccur aftertreatment has stopped. As used herein, the term “dosage effectivemanner” refers to amount of an active compound to produce the desiredbiological effect in a subject or cell.

The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, ordispenser together with instructions for administration.

The compounds of the present invention are capable of further formingsalts. All of these forms are also contemplated within the scope of theclaimed invention.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivativesof the compounds of the present invention wherein the parent compound ismodified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to,mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines, alkalior organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids, and thelike. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventionalnon-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compoundformed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. Forexample, such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limitedto, those derived from inorganic and organic acids selected from2-acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethane sulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, 1,2-ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic,glutamic, glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic,hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic,isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic,mandelic, methane sulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic,pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic,salicyclic, stearic, subacetic, succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic,sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, toluene sulfonic, and the commonly occurringamine acids, e.g., glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, arginine, etc.

Other examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include hexanoicacid, cyclopentane propionic acid, pyruvic acid, malonic acid,3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonicacid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid,camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo-[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylicacid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylaceticacid, muconic acid, and the like. The present invention also encompassessalts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound eitheris replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earthion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such asethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine,N-methylglucamine, and the like. In the salt form, it is understood thatthe ratio of the compound to the cation or anion of the salt can be 1:1,or any ration other than 1:1, e.g., 3:1, 2:1, 1:2, or 1:3.

It should be understood that all references to pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts include solvent addition forms (solvates) or crystalforms (polymorphs) as defined herein, of the same salt.

The compounds of the present invention can also be prepared as esters,for example, pharmaceutically acceptable esters. For example, acarboxylic acid function group in a compound can be converted to itscorresponding ester, e.g., a methyl, ethyl or other ester. Also, analcohol group in a compound can be converted to its corresponding ester,e.g., acetate, propionate or other ester.

The compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, areadministered orally, nasally, transdermally, pulmonary, inhalationally,buccally, sublingually, intraperintoneally, subcutaneously,intramuscularly, intravenously, rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecallyand parenterally. In one embodiment, the compound is administeredorally. One skilled in the art will recognize the advantages of certainroutes of administration.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds is selected in accordancewith a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex andmedical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to betreated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function ofthe patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. Anordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine andprescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counter,or arrest the progress of the condition.

Techniques for formulation and administration of the disclosed compoundsof the invention can be found in Remington: the Science and Practice ofPharmacy, 19th edition, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1995). In anembodiment, the compounds described herein, and the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, are used in pharmaceutical preparations incombination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include inert solidfillers or diluents and sterile aqueous or organic solutions. Thecompounds will be present in such pharmaceutical compositions in amountssufficient to provide the desired dosage amount in the range describedherein.

All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, areby weight. Other features and advantages of the present invention areapparent from the different examples. The provided examples illustratedifferent components and methodology useful in practicing the presentinvention. The examples do not limit the claimed invention. Based on thepresent disclosure the skilled artisan can identify and employ othercomponents and methodology useful for practicing the present invention.

In the synthetic schemes described herein, compounds may be drawn withone particular configuration for simplicity. Such particularconfigurations are not to be construed as limiting the invention to oneor another isomer, tautomer, regioisomer or stereoisomer, nor does itexclude mixtures of isomers, tautomers, regioisomers or stereoisomers;however, it will be understood that a given isomer, tautomer,regioisomer or stereoisomer may have a higher level of activity thananother isomer, tautomer, regioisomer or stereoisomer.

Compounds designed, selected and/or optimized by methods describedabove, once produced, can be characterized using a variety of assaysknown to those skilled in the art to determine whether the compoundshave biological activity. For example, the molecules can becharacterized by conventional assays, including but not limited to thoseassays described below, to determine whether they have a predictedactivity, binding activity and/or binding specificity.

Furthermore, high-throughput screening can be used to speed up analysisusing such assays. As a result, it can be possible to rapidly screen themolecules described herein for activity, using techniques known in theart. General methodologies for performing high-throughput screening aredescribed, for example, in Devlin (1998) High Throughput Screening,Marcel Dekker; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,263. High-throughput assays canuse one or more different assay techniques including, but not limitedto, those described below.

All publications and patent documents cited herein are incorporatedherein by reference as if each such publication or document wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein byreference. Citation of publications and patent documents is not intendedas an admission that any is pertinent prior art, nor does it constituteany admission as to the contents or date of the same. The inventionhaving now been described by way of written description, those of skillin the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced in avariety of embodiments and that the foregoing description and examplesbelow are for purposes of illustration and not limitation of the claimsthat follow.

Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1:N-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1-isopropyl-6-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis of2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile

A mixture of 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (40 mmol) and 3-aminocrotononitrile (20 mmol) was heated at 120-130° C. for 1 h, underanhydrous conditions. After 1 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to rtand diluted with ethyl acetate. Precipitated solids were filtered anddried under vacuum to afford the title product (40% yield).

Step 2: Synthesis of 3-(aminomethyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one

To a solution of 2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile(1 mmol) in methanol (10 mL), Raney Ni and ammonia (0.4 mL, 1 mmol) wereadded and reaction was stirred under H₂ atmosphere for 3 h. Uponcompletion, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and thefiltrate was concentrated to obtain the title product.

Step 3: Synthesis of ethyl 6-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylate

A stirred solution of 1H-pyrazol-3-amine (45 g, 542.16 mmol) in aceticacid (297 mL) and water (900 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and diethyloxaloacetate sodium salt (113.85 g, 542.16 mmol) was added. Theresulting solution was heated at 100° C. for 16 h. After which time thesolids were filtered and dried to obtain the title compound (22% yield).

Step 4: Synthesis of ethyl 6-bromo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylate

Ethyl 6-hydroxy-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylate (25 g, 120.77mmol) was suspended in acetonitrile (250 mL) and POBr₃ (69.56 g, 241.54mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 6 h. Oncompletion of the reaction, acetonitrile was removed under reducedpressure and residue was neutralized with saturated NaHCO₃ solution.After extraction with EtOAc, the combined organic layers were washedwith water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silicagel column chromatography to provide the title compound (77% yield).

Step 5: Synthesis of ethyl6-bromo-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]-pyridine-4-carboxylate

Intermediate ethyl 6-bromo-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]-pyridine-4-carboxylate(20 g, 74.34 mmol) was suspended in acetonitrile (200 mL) and K₂CO₃(15.39 g, 111.52 mmol) and 2-bromopropane (18.13 g, 148.64 mmol) wereadded. The reaction mixture was refluxed for 8 h. On completion, thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dilutedwith water. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate and thecombined organic layers were washed with water, brine and dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and residuewas purified by silica gel column chromatography to obtain the titlecompound (58% yield).

Step 6: Synthesis of6-bromo-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]-pyridine-4-carboxylic acid

Aqueous NaOH (3.85 g, 96.46 mmol) was added to a solution of ethyl6-bromo-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxylate (20 g, 64.30 mmol) inEtOH (200 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at 60° C. for 1 h.After completion, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure andresidue was acidified using 10% citric acid solution. The solution wasextracted with ethyl acetate and the combined organic layers were washedwith water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure to provide the title compound (83%yield).

Step 7: Synthesis of6-bromo-N-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide

6-bromo-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]-pyridine-4-carboxylic acid (0.25g, 0.88 mmol) was dissolved in DMSO (3 mL) and3-(aminomethyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one (0.265 g, 1.76 mmol) wasadded. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 15 minthen PYBOP (0.686 g, 1.32 mmol) was added and was stirring was continuedfor 16 h. After completion of the reaction, the reaction mass was pouredonto ice, the resulting solids were filtered and washed withacetonitrile followed by ether to provide the title compound (49%yield).

Step 8: Synthesis ofN-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1-isopropyl-6-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide(Compound 1)

A solution of6-bromo-N-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide(0.16 g, 0.383 mmol),2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine(0.12 g, 0.46 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.045 g, 0.0383 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane(3 mL) was purged with argon for 10 min. Then, 2 M Na₂CO₃ (0.146 g, 1.38mmol) in water was added and the mixture was purged with argon for 10min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. Aftercompletion of the reaction, the mixture was diluted with water andextracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed withwater, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure to afford crude material which was purified by columnchromatography to afford the title compound (55% yield).

LCMS: 477.30 (M+1); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.06 (s, 1H), 8.90 (m,1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.80 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 5.23-5.19(m, 1H), 4.33 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (s, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.16 (s,3H), 1.49 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 1.24 (s, 6H), 1.14 (s, 6H). 1H merged insolvent peaks.

Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 2:N-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1-isopropyl-6-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis ofN-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1-isopropyl-6-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide

A solution of6-bromo-N-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-4-carboxamide(0.16 g, 0.38 mmol),2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)piperidine(0.12 g, 0.46 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (0.045 g, 0.038 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane(3 mL) was purged with argon for 10 min. 2 M Na₂CO₃ (0.146 g, 1.38 mmol)in water was added to it and the reaction was purged with argo for 10min. The reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. Aftercompletion of the reaction, water was added and the combined solutionwas extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed withwater, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure. The crude material was purified by columnchromatography to afford the title compound (55% yield).

LCMS: 479.4 (M+1); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.09 (brs, 1H), 8.80 (m,1H), 8.26 (s, 1H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 5.91 (s, 1H), 5.22-5.19 (m, 1H), 4.32(d, J=3.6 Hz, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.35 (m, 1H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.73-1.70(m, 2H), 1.49-1.47 (m, 8H), 1.24 (s, 6H), 1.09 (s, 6H). 1H merged insolvent peaks.

Example 3: Synthesis of1-(sec-butyl)-N-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-3-methyl-6-(6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indole-4-carboxamide

Step 1: Synthesis of 5-bromo-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid

To stirred solution of 2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid (25 g, 138.1 mmol)in conc. H₂SO₄ (100 mL) at 0° C.,1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (23.7 g, 82.87 mmol) wasadded portion wise and the reaction mass was stirred at rt for 6 h. Theprogress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, thereaction mass was poured on ice cold water, the solid precipitated wasfiltered, washed with water and dried under reduced pressure to affordthe title compound (29 g, 81%).

Step 2: Synthesis of methyl 5-bromo-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoate

To a stirred solution of 5-bromo-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid (29 g,111.9 mmol) in DMF (300 mL), sodium carbonate (48 g, 447.8 mmol) and MeI(63.59 g, 447.8 mmol) were added. The resulting reaction mass was heatedat 60° C. for 12 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC.Upon completion, the reaction mixture was filtered and washed withdiethyl ether. The filtrate was diluted with water and extracted withdiethyl ether. The combined organic layers were dried over sodiumsulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound waspurified by column chromatography to afford the title compound (30 g,98%)

Step 3: Synthesis of methyl 6-bromo-1H-indole-4-carboxylate

To a stirred solution of methyl 5-bromo-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzoate (25 g,91.24 mmol) in DMF (250 mL), DMF-DMA (65.14 g, 547.44 mmol) was addedand the reaction was stirred at 100° C. for 12 h. The progress of thereaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mixture wasconcentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue obtained wasdissolved in acetic acid (250 mL). Iron powder (50 g, 892.8) was addedand the reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 4 h. The progress ofthe reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mixturewas concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue obtainedwas diluted with ethanol and filtered. The filtrate was concentratedunder reduced pressure to afford the crude material; which was purifiedby column chromatography to give title compound (20 g, 86%).

Step 4: Synthesis of methyl6-bromo-1-(sec-butyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylate

To a stirred solution of NaH (60%, 0.755 g, 18.89 mmol) in dry DMF (10mL) at 0° C., methyl 6-bromo-1H-indole-4-carboxylate (4 g, 15.74 mmol)was added and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 20 min. Then2-bromobutane (5.39 g, 39.34 mmol) was added at 0° C. and the reactionwas stirred at rt for 16 h. The progress of the reaction was monitoredby TLC. Upon completion, the reaction was quenched with water andextracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washedwith water, dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under reducedpressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography toafford the title compound (2 g, 41%).

Step 5: Synthesis of methyl6-bromo-1-(sec-butyl)-3-formyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate

To a mixture of methyl 6-bromo-1-(sec-butyl)-1H-indole-4-carboxylate (3g, 9.67 mmol) and POCl₃ (2.70 mL, 29.03) at 0° C., DMF (1.48 mL, 19.35mmol) was added slowly. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at80° C. for 2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Uponcompletion, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness underreduced pressure. The residue obtained was basified with aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combinedorganic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated underreduced pressure. The crude compound was purified by columnchromatography to afford the title compound (1.5 g, 50%).

Step 6: Synthesis of methyl6-bromo-1-(sec-butyl)-3-methyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate

To a stirred solution of methyl6-bromo-1-(sec-butyl)-3-formyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate (1.5 g, 4.43mmol) in DMF (15 mL), PTSA (0.11 g, 0.576 mmol), p-toluene sulfonylhydrazide (1.07 g, 5.76 mmol) and sulfolane (15 mL) were added and thesolution was stirred at 100° C. for 1 h. After 1 h, the reaction mixturewas cooled to rt and sodium cyanoborohydride (1.1 g, 17.74 mmol) wasadded at 0° C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at 100° C. for2 h. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion,the reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethylacetate. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purifiedby column chromatography to afford the title compound (1 g, 69%).

Step 7: Synthesis of methyl6-(6-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-(sec-butyl)-3-methyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate

To a stirred solution of methyl6-bromo-1-(sec-butyl)-3-methyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate (1 g, 3.09 mmol)and tert-butyl4-(5-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate(1.32 g, 3.39 mmol) in dioxane/water mixture (8 mL+2 mL), K₃PO₄ (1.96 g,9.25 mmol) was added and the solution was purged with argon for 20 min.Then Pd(dppf)Cl₂ (0.252 g, 0.309 mmol) was added and argon was purgedagain for 15 min. The reaction mass was heated at 80° C. for 5 h. Theprogress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion thereaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethylacetate. The combined organic layers were dried over Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The crude compound was purified bycolumn chromatography to afford the title compound (0.8 g, 51%).

Step 8: Synthesis of6-(6-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-(sec-butyl)-3-methyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylicacid

To a stirred solution of methyl6-(6-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-(sec-butyl)-3-methyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylate(0.8 g, 1.58 mmol) in EtOH (10 mL), aq. NaOH (0.252 g, 6.32 mmol) wasadded and the reaction was stirred at 60° C. for 1 h. The progress ofthe reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the ethanol wasremoved under reduced pressure and the reaction mass was acidified usingdil. HCl to pH 6 and extracted with 10% MeOH/DCM. The combined organiclayers were dried, concentrated giving the respective acid (0.65 g)which was used in the subsequent step without further purification.

Step 9: Synthesis of tert-butyl4-(5-(1-(sec-butyl)-4-(((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-6-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate:

To a stirred solution of6-(6-(4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1-(sec-butyl)-3-methyl-1H-indole-4-carboxylicacid (0.3 g, 0.609 mmol) in DMSO (3 mL),3-(aminomethyl)-2,6-dimethylpyridin-4(1H)-one (0.111 g, 0.73 mmol) andtriethylamine (0.25 mL, 1.82 mmol) were added. The reaction mixture wasstirred at rt for 15 min before PyBOP (0.476 g, 0.91 mmol) was added toit and stirring was continued at rt for 16 h. The progress of thereaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reaction mass wasdiluted with water and extracted with 10% MeOH/DCM. The combined organiclayers were dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under reducedpressure. The crude compound was purified by column chromatography toafford the title compound (0.1 g, 26%).

Step 10: Synthesis of1-(sec-butyl)-N-((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-3-methyl-6-(6-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indole-4-carboxamide:

To a stirred solution of tert-butyl4-(5-(1-(sec-butyl)-4-(((2,6-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl)methyl)carbamoyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-6-yl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxylate(0.1 g, 0.159 mmol) in methanolic HCl (2 mL), conc. HCl (2-3 drops) wasadded and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 2 h. The progressof the reaction was monitored by TLC. Upon completion, the reactionmixture was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residueobtained was basified with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution andextracted with 10% MeOH/DCM. The combined organic layers were dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crudecompound was purified by acetonitirle and pentane washing to afford thetitle compound (0.018 g, 21%).

LCMS: 527.50 (M+1); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 11.01 (s, 1H), 8.49 (s,1H), 8.09 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (s, 1H), 7.25(s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.86 (s, 1H), 4.60 (q,J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.43 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 4H), 2.79 (t,J=5.0 Hz, 4H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.15 (s, 6H), 1.80-1.78 (m, 2H), 1.40 (d,J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.73 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). 1H merged in solvent peak.

Example 4: Bioassay Protocol and General Methods Protocol for Wild-Typeand Mutant PRC2 Enzyme Assays

General Materials.

S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocyteine (SAH), bicine, KCl,Tween20, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and bovine skin gelatin (BSG) werepurchased from Sigma-Aldrich at the highest level of purity possible.Dithiothreitol (DTT) was purchased from EMD. ³H-SAM was purchased fromAmerican Radiolabeled Chemicals with a specific activity of 80 Ci/mmol.384-well streptavidin Flashplates were purchased from PerkinElmer.

Substrates.

Peptides representative of human histone H3 residues 21-44 containingeither an unmodified lysine 27 (H3K27me0) or dimethylated lysine 27(H3K27me2) were synthesized with a C-terminal G(K-biotin)linker-affinity tag motif and a C-terminal amide cap by 21^(st) CenturyBiochemicals. The peptides were high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) purified to greater than 95% purity and confirmed by liquidchromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The sequences are listedbelow.

H3K27me0: (SEQ ID NO: 1) ATKAARKSAPATGGVKKPHRYRPGGK(biotin)-amideH3K27me2: (SEQ ID NO: 2) ATKAARK(me2)SAPATGGVKKPHRYRPGGK(biotin)-amide

Chicken erythrocyte oligonucleosomes were purified from chicken bloodaccording to established procedures.

Recombinant PRC2 Enzymes.

Human PRC2 enzymes were purified as 4-component enzyme complexesco-expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (sf9) cells using a baculovirusexpression system. The subunits expressed were wild-type EZH2(NM_004456) or EZH2 Y641F, N, H, S or C mutants generated from thewild-type EZH2 construct, EED (NM_003797), Suz12 (NM_015355) and RbAp48(NM_005610). The EED subunit contained an N-terminal FLAG tag that wasused to purify the entire 4-component complex from sf9 cell lysates. Thepurity of the complexes met or exceeded 95% as determined by SDS-PAGEand Agilent Bioanalyzer analysis. Concentrations of enzyme stockconcentrations (generally 0.3-1.0 mg/mL) was determined using a Bradfordassay against a bovine serum albumin (BSA) standard.

General Procedure for PRC2 Enzyme Assays on Peptide Substrates.

The assays were all performed in a buffer consisting of 20 mM bicine(pH=7.6), 0.5 mM DTT, 0.005% BSG and 0.002% Tween20, prepared on the dayof use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 μL) were spotted into polypropylene384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner) using a Platemate 2×3 outfitted witha 384-channel pipet head (Thermo). DMSO (1 μL) was added to columns 11,12, 23, 24, rows A-H for the maximum signal control, and SAH, a knownproduct and inhibitor of PRC2 (1 μL) was added to columns 11, 12, 23,24, rows I-P for the minimum signal control. A cocktail (40 μL)containing the wild-type PRC2 enzyme and H3K27me0 peptide or any of theY641 mutant enzymes and H3K27me2 peptide was added by Multidrop Combi(Thermo). The compounds were allowed to incubate with PRC2 for 30 min at25° C., then a cocktail (10 μL) containing a mixture of non-radioactiveand ³H-SAM was added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51 μL). Inall cases, the final concentrations were as follows: wild-type or mutantPRC2 enzyme was 4 nM, SAH in the minimum signal control wells was 1 mMand the DMSO concentration was 1%. The final concentrations of the restof the components are indicated in Table 5, below. The assays werestopped by the addition of non-radioactive SAM (10 μL) to a finalconcentration of 600 μM, which dilutes the ³H-SAM to a level where itsincorporation into the peptide substrate is no longer detectable. 50 μLof the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene plate was then transferredto a 384-well Flashplate and the biotinylated peptides were allowed tobind to the streptavidin surface for at least 1 h before being washedthree times with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405 plate washer. Theplates were then read in a PerkinElmer TopCount platereader to measurethe quantity of ³H-labeled peptide bound to the Flashplate surface,measured as disintegrations per minute (dpm) or alternatively, referredto as counts per minute (cpm).

TABLE 5 Final concentrations of components for each assay variationbased upon EZH2 identity (wild-type or Y641 mutant EZH2) PRC2 Enzyme(denoted by EZH2 Peptide Non-radioactive SAM identity) (nM) (nM) ³H-SAM(nM) Wild-type 185 1800 150 Y641F 200 850 150 Y641N 200 850 150 Y641H200 1750 250 Y641S 200 1300 200 Y641C 200 3750 250

General Procedure for Wild-Type PRC2 Enzyme Assay on OligonucleosomeSubstrate.

The assays was performed in a buffer consisting of 20 mM bicine(pH=7.6), 0.5 mM DTT, 0.005% BSG, 100 mM KCl and 0.002% Tween20,prepared on the day of use. Compounds in 100% DMSO (1 μL) were spottedinto polypropylene 384-well V-bottom plates (Greiner) using a Platemate2×3 outfitted with a 384-channel pipet head (Thermo). DMSO (1 μL) wasadded to columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows A-H for the maximum signalcontrol, and SAH, a known product and inhibitor of PRC2 (1 μL) was addedto columns 11, 12, 23, 24, rows I-P for the minimum signal control. Acocktail (40 μL) containing the wild-type PRC2 enzyme and chickenerythrocyte oligonucleosome was added by Multidrop Combi (Thermo). Thecompounds were allowed to incubate with PRC2 for 30 min at 25° C., thena cocktail (10 μL) containing a mixture of non-radioactive and ³H-SAMwas added to initiate the reaction (final volume=51 μL). The finalconcentrations were as follows: wild-type PRC2 enzyme was 4 nM,non-radioactive SAM was 430 nM, ³H-SAM was 120 nM, chicken erythrocyteolignonucleosome was 120 nM, SAH in the minimum signal control wells was1 mM and the DMSO concentration was 1%. The assay was stopped by theaddition of non-radioactive SAM (10 μL) to a final concentration of 600μM, which dilutes the ³H-SAM to a level where its incorporation into thechicken erythrocyte olignonucleosome substrate is no longer detectable.50 μL of the reaction in the 384-well polypropylene plate was thentransferred to a 384-well Flashplate and the chicken erythrocytenucleosomes were immobilized to the surface of the plate, which was thenwashed three times with 0.1% Tween20 in a Biotek ELx405 plate washer.The plates were then read in a PerkinElmer TopCount platereader tomeasure the quantity of ³H-labeled chicken erythrocyte oligonucleosomebound to the Flashplate surface, measured as disintegrations per minute(dpm) or alternatively, referred to as counts per minute (cpm).

% Inhibition Calculation

${\% \mspace{14mu} {inh}} = {100 - {\left( \frac{{dpm}_{cmpd} - {dpm}_{\min}}{{dpm}_{{ma}\; x} - {dpm}_{\min}} \right) \times 100}}$

Where dpm=disintegrations per minute, cmpd=signal in assay well, and minand max are the respective minimum and maximum signal controls.

Four-parameter IC₅₀ Fit

$Y = {{Bottom} + \frac{\left( {{Top} - {Bottom}} \right)}{1 + \left( \frac{X}{{IC}_{50}} \right)^{{Hill}\mspace{14mu} {Coefficient}}}}$

Where top and bottom are the normally allowed to float, but may be fixedat 100 or 0 respectively in a 3-parameter fit. The Hill Coefficientnormally allowed to float but may also be fixed at 1 in a 3-parameterfit. Y is the % inhibition and X is the compound concentration.

IC₅₀ values for the PRC2 enzyme assays on peptide substrates (e.g., EZH2wild type and Y641F) are presented in Table 6 below.

WSU-DLCL2 Methylation Assay

WSU-DLCL2 suspension cells were purchased from DSMZ (German Collectionof Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany).RPMI/Glutamax Medium, Penicillin-Streptomycin, Heat Inactivated FetalBovine Serum, and D-PBS were purchased from Life Technologies, GrandIsland, N.Y., USA. Extraction Buffer and Neutralization Buffer (5×) werepurchased from Active Motif, Carlsbad, Calif., USA. Rabbit anti-HistoneH3 antibody was purchased from Abcam, Cambridge, Mass., USA. Rabbitanti-H3K27me3 and HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit-IgG were purchased fromCell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Mass., USA. TMB “Super Sensitive”substrate was sourced from BioFX Laboratories, Owings Mills, Md., USA.IgG-free Bovine Serum Albumin was purchased from Jackson ImmunoResearch,West Grove, Pa., USA. PBS with Tween (10×PBST) was purchased from KPL,Gaithersburg, Md., USA. Sulfuric Acid was purchased from Ricca Chemical,Arlington, Tex., USA. Immulon ELISA plates were purchased from Thermo,Rochester, N.Y., USA. V-bottom cell culture plates were purchased fromCorning Inc., Corning, N.Y., USA.V-bottom polypropylene plates werepurchased from Greiner Bio-One, Monroe, N.C., USA.

WSU-DLCL2 suspension cells were maintained in growth medium (RPMI 1640supplemented with 10% v/v heat inactivated fetal bovine serum and 100units/mL penicillin-streptomycin) and cultured at 37° C. under 5% CO₂.Under assay conditions, cells were incubated in Assay Medium (RPMI 1640supplemented with 20% v/v heat inactivated fetal bovine serum and 100units/mL penicillin-streptomycin) at 37° C. under 5% CO₂ on a plateshaker.

WSU-DLCL2 cells were seeded in assay medium at a concentration of 50,000cells per mL to a 96-well V-bottom cell culture plate with 2004 perwell. Compound (14) from 96 well source plates was added directly toV-bottom cell plate. Plates were incubated on a titer-plate shaker at37° C., 5% CO₂ for 96 hours. After four days of incubation, plates werespun at 241×g for five minutes and medium was aspirated gently from eachwell of cell plate without disturbing cell pellet. Pellet wasresuspended in 2004 DPBS and plates were spun again at 241×g for fiveminutes. The supernatant was aspirated and cold (4° C.) Extractionbuffer (100 μL) was added per well. Plates were incubated at 4° C. onorbital shaker for two hours. Plates were spun at 3427×g×10 minutes.Supernatant (804 per well) was transferred to its respective well in 96well V-bottom polypropylene plate. Neutralization Buffer 5×(204 perwell) was added to V-bottom polypropylene plate containing supernatant.V-bottom polypropylene plates containing crude histone preparation (CHP)were incubated on orbital shaker×five minutes. Crude HistonePreparations were added (24 per well) to each respective well intoduplicate 96 well ELISA plates containing 1004 Coating Buffer (1×PBS+BSA0.05% w/v). Plates were sealed and incubated overnight at 4° C. Thefollowing day, plates were washed three times with 3004 per well 1×PBST.Wells were blocked for two hours with 300 μL per well ELISA Diluent((PBS (1×) BSA (2% w/v) and Tween20 (0.05% v/v)). Plates were washedthree times with 1×PBST. For the Histone H3 detection plate, 1004 perwell were added of anti-Histone-H3 antibody (Abcam, ab1791) diluted1:10,000 in ELISA Diluent. For H3K27 trimethylation detection plate,1004 per well were added of anti-H3K27me3 diluted 1:2000 in ELISAdiluent. Plates were incubated for 90 minutes at room temperature.Plates were washed three times with 3004 1×PBST per well. For Histone H3detection, 1004 of HRP-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody diluted to1:6000 in ELISA diluent was added per well. For H3K27me3 detection, 100μL of HRP conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody diluted to 1:4000 in ELISAdiluent was added per well. Plates were incubated at room temperaturefor 90 minutes. Plates were washed four times with 1×PBST 300 μL perwell. TMB substrate 100 μL was added per well. Histone H3 plates wereincubated for five minutes at room temperature. H3K27me3 plates wereincubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. The reaction was stoppedwith sulfuric acid 1N (100 μL per well). Absorbance for each plate wasread at 450 nm.

First, the ratio for each well was determined by

$\left( \frac{H\; 3K\; 27{me}\; 3{OD}\; 450}{{Histone}\; H\; 3{OD}\; 450} \right)$

Each plate included eight control wells of DMSO only treatment (MinimumInhibition) as well as eight control wells for maximum inhibition(Background wells).

The average of the ratio values for each control type was calculated andused to determine the percent inhibition for each test well in theplate. Test compound was serially diluted three-fold in DMSO for a totalof ten test concentrations, beginning at 25 μM. Percent inhibition wasdetermined and IC₅₀ curves were generated using duplicate wells perconcentration of compound. IC₅₀ values for this assay are presented inTable 6 below.

${{Percent}\mspace{14mu} {Inhibition}} = {100 - \left( {\left( \frac{\left( {{Individual}\mspace{14mu} {Test}\mspace{14mu} {Sample}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right) - \left( {{Backround}\mspace{14mu} {Avg}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right)}{\left( {{Minimum}\mspace{14mu} {Inhibition}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right) - \left( {{Backround}\mspace{14mu} {Average}\mspace{14mu} {Ratio}} \right)} \right)*100} \right)}$

Cell Proliferation Analysis

WSU-DLCL2 suspension cells were purchased from DSMZ (German Collectionof Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany).RPMI/Glutamax Medium, Penicillin-Streptomycin, Heat Inactivated FetalBovine Serum were purchased from Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y.,USA. V-bottom polypropylene 384-well plates were purchased from GreinerBio-One, Monroe, N.C., USA. Cell culture 384-well white opaque plateswere purchased from Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass., USA. Cell-Titer Glo®was purchased from Promega Corporation, Madison, Wis., USA. SpectraMaxM5 plate reader was purchased from Molecular Devices LLC, Sunnyvale,Calif., USA.

WSU-DLCL2 suspension cells were maintained in growth medium (RPMI 1640supplemented with 10% v/v heat inactivated fetal bovine serum andcultured at 37° C. under 5% CO₂. Under assay conditions, cells wereincubated in Assay Medium (RPMI 1640 supplemented with 20% v/v heatinactivated fetal bovine serum and 100 units/mL penicillin-streptomycin)at 37° C. under 5% CO₂.

For the assessment of the effect of compounds on the proliferation ofthe WSU-DLCL2 cell line, exponentially growing cells were plated in384-well white opaque plates at a density of 1250 cell/ml in a finalvolume of 50 μl of assay medium. A compound source plate was prepared byperforming triplicate nine-point 3-fold serial dilutions in DMSO,beginning at 10 mM (final top concentration of compound in the assay was20 μM and the DMSO was 0.2%). A 100 nL aliquot from the compound stockplate was added to its respective well in the cell plate. The 100%inhibition control consisted of cells treated with 200 nM finalconcentration of staurosporine and the 0% inhibition control consistedof DMSO treated cells. After addition of compounds, assay plates wereincubated for 6 days at 37° C., 5% CO₂, relative humidity >90% for 6days. Cell viability was measured by quantization of ATP present in thecell cultures, adding 35 μl of Cell Titer Glo® reagent to the cellplates. Luminescence was read in the SpectraMax M5. The concentrationinhibiting cell viability by 50% was determined using a 4-parametric fitof the normalized dose response curves. IC₅₀ values for this assay arealso presented in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 WSU Mutant Y641F H3K27Me3 proliferation WT EZH2 IC₅₀ IC₅₀ ELISAIC₅₀ IC₅₀ Cpd # (μM) (μM) (μM) (μM) 1 6.6 2 7.1 4 0.028 11.9

Example 5: Derivation of the Lowest Cytotoxic Concentration (LCC)

It is well established that cellular proliferation proceeds through celldivision that results in a doubling of the number of cells afterdivision, relative to the number of cells prior to division. Under afixed set of environmental conditions (e.g., pH, ionic strength,temperature, cell density, medium content of proteins and growthfactors, and the like) cells will proliferate by consecutive doubling(i.e., division) according to the following equation, provided thatsufficient nutrients and other required factors are available.

$\begin{matrix}{N_{t} = {N_{0} \times 2^{\frac{t}{t_{D}}}}} & \left( {A{.1}} \right)\end{matrix}$

where N_(t) is the cell number at a time point (t) after initiation ofthe observation period, N₀ is the cell number at the initiation of theobservation period, t is the time after initiation of the observationperiod and t_(D) is the time interval required for cell doubling, alsoreferred to as the doubling time. Equation A.1 can be converted into themore convenient form of an exponential equation in base e, takingadvantage of the equality, 0.693=ln(2).

$\begin{matrix}{N_{t} = {N_{0}e^{\frac{0.693t}{t_{D}}}}} & \left( {A{.2}} \right)\end{matrix}$

The rate constant for cell proliferation (k_(p)) is inversely related tothe doubling time as follows.

$\begin{matrix}{k_{p} = \frac{0.693}{t_{D}}} & \left( {A{.3}} \right)\end{matrix}$

Combining equation A.2 and A.3 yields,

N _(t) =N ₀ e ^(k) ^(p) ^(t)  (A.4)

Thus, according to equation A.4 cell number is expected to increaseexponentially with time during the early period of cell growth referredto as log-phase growth. Exponential equations like equation A.4 can belinearized by taking the natural logarithm of each side.

ln(N _(t))=ln(N ₀)+k _(p) t  (A.5)

Thus a plot of ln(N_(t)) as a function of time is expected to yield anascending straight line with slope equal to k_(p) and y-intercept equalto ln(N₀).

Changes in environmental conditions can result in a change in the rateof cellular proliferation that is quantifiable as changes in theproliferation rate constant k_(p). Among conditions that may result in achange in proliferation rate is the introduction to the system of anantiproliferative compound at the initiation of the observation period(i.e., at t=0). When an antiproliferative compound has an immediateimpact on cell proliferation, one expects that plots of ln(N_(t)) as afunction of time will continue to be linear at all compoundconcentrations, with diminishing values of k_(p) at increasingconcentrations of compound.

Depending on the mechanistic basis of antiproliferative action, somecompounds may not immediately effect a change in proliferation rate.Instead, there may be a period of latency before the impact of thecompound is realized. In such cases a plot of ln(N_(t)) as a function oftime will appear biphasic, and a time point at which the impact of thecompound begins can be identified as the breakpoint between phases.Regardless of whether a compound's impact on proliferation is immediateor begins after a latency period, the rate constant for proliferation ateach compound concentration is best defined by the slope of theln(N_(t)) vs. time curve from the time point at which compound impactbegins to the end of the observation period of the experiment.

A compound applied to growing cells may affect the observedproliferation in one of two general ways: by inhibiting further celldivision (cytostasis) or by cell killing (cytotoxicity). If a compoundis cytostatic, increasing concentration of compound will reduce thevalue of k_(p) until there is no further cell division. At this point,the rate of cell growth, and therefore the value of k_(p), will be zero.If, on the other hand, the compound is cytotoxic, then the value ofk_(p) will be composed of two rate constants: a rate constant forcontinued cell growth in the presence of the compound (k_(g)) and a rateconstant for cell killing by the compound (k_(d)). The overall rateconstant for proliferation at a fixed concentration of compound willthus be the difference between the absolute values of these opposingrate constants.

k _(p) =|k _(g) |−|k _(d)|  (A.6)

At compound concentrations for which the rate of cell growth exceedsthat of cell killing, the value of k_(p) will have a positive value(i.e., k_(p)>0). At compound concentrations for which the rate of cellgrowth is less than that for cell killing, the value of k_(p) will havea negative value (i.e., k_(p)<0) and the cell number will decrease withtime, indicative of robust cytotoxicity. When k_(g) exactly matchesk_(d) then the overall proliferation rate constant, k_(p), will have avalue of zero. We can thus define the lowest cytotoxic concentration(LCC) as that concentration of compound that results in a value of k_(p)equal to zero, because any concentration greater than this will resultin clearly observable cytotoxicity. Nota bene: at concentrations belowthe LCC there is likely to be cell killing occurring, but at a rate thatis less than that of residual cell proliferation. The treatment here isnot intended to define the biological details of compound action.Rather, the goal here is to merely define a practical parameter withwhich to objectively quantify the concentration of compound at which therate of cell killing exceeds new cell growth. Indeed, the LCC representsa breakpoint or critical concentration above which frank cytotoxicity isobserved, rather than a cytotoxic concentration per se. In this regard,the LCC can be viewed similar to other physical breakpoint metrics, suchas the critical micelle concentration (CMC) used to define theconcentration of lipid, detergent or other surfactant species abovewhich all molecules incorporate into micellar structures.

Traditionally, the impact of antiproliferative compounds on cell growthhas been most commonly quantified by the IC₅₀ value, which is defined asthat concentration of compound that reduces the rate of cellproliferation to one half that observed in the absence of compound(i.e., for the vehicle or solvent control sample). The IC₅₀, however,does not allow the investigator to differentiate between cytostatic andcytotoxic compounds. The LCC, in contrast, readily allows one to makesuch a differentiation and to further quantify the concentration atwhich the transition to robust cytotoxic behavior occurs.

If one limits the observation time window to between the start of impactand the end of the experiment, then the data will generally fit well toa linear equation when plotted as ln(N_(t)) as a function of time (videsupra). From fits of this type, the value of k_(p) can be determined ateach concentration of compound tested. A replot of the value of k_(p) asa function of compound concentration GM will have the form of adescending isotherm, with a maximum value at [I]=0 of k_(max) (definedby the vehicle or solvent control sample) and a minimum value atinfinite compound concentration of k_(min).

$\begin{matrix}{k_{p} = {\frac{\left( {k_{{ma}\; x} - k_{\min}} \right)}{1 + \frac{\lbrack I\rbrack}{I_{mid}}} + k_{\min}}} & \left( {A{.7}} \right)\end{matrix}$

where I_(mid) is the concentration of compound yielding a value of k_(p)that is midway between the values of k_(max) and k_(min) (note that thevalue of I_(mid) is not the same as the IC₅₀, except in the case of acomplete and purely cytostatic compound). Thus, fitting the replot datato equation A.7 provides estimates of k_(max), k_(min) and I_(mid). If acompound is cytostatic (as defined here), the value of k_(min) cannot beless than zero. For cytotoxic compounds, k_(min) will be less than zeroand the absolute value of k_(min) will relate directly to theeffectiveness of the compound in killing cells.

The fitted values derived from equation A.7 can also be used todetermine the value of the LCC. By definition, when [I]=LCC, k_(p)=0.Thus, under these conditions equation A.7 becomes.

$\begin{matrix}{0 = {\frac{\left( {k_{{ma}\; x} - k_{\min}} \right)}{1 + \frac{LCC}{I_{mid}}} + k_{\min}}} & \left( {A{.8}} \right)\end{matrix}$

Algebraic rearrangement of equation A.8 yields an equation for the LCC.

$\begin{matrix}{{LCC} = {I_{mid}\left\lbrack {\left( \frac{\left( {k_{{ma}\; x} - k_{\min}} \right)}{- k_{\min}} \right) - 1} \right\rbrack}} & \left( {A{.9}} \right)\end{matrix}$

This analysis is simple to implement with nonlinear curve fittingsoftware and may be applied during cellular assays of compound activitythroughout the drug discovery and development process. In this manner,the LCC may provide a valuable metric for the assessment of compound SAR(structure-activity relationship).

Example 6: In Vivo Assays Mice

Female Fox Chase SCID® Mice (CB17/Icr-PrkdC_(scid)/IcrIcoCrl, CharlesRiver Laboratories) or athymic nude mice (Crl:NU(Ncr)-FoxnI_(nu),Charles River Laboratories) are 8 weeks old and had a body-weight (BW)range of 16.0-21.1 g on D1 of the study. The animals are fed ad libitumwater (reverse osmosis 1 ppm Cl) and NIH 31 Modified and Irradiated LabDiet® consisting of 18.0% crude protein, 5.0% crude fat, and 5.0% crudefiber. The mice are housed on irradiated Enrich-o'Cobs™ bedding instatic microisolators on a 12-hour light cycle at 20-22° C. (68-72° F.)and 40-60% humidity. All procedures comply with the recommendations ofthe Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals with respect torestraint, husbandry, surgical procedures, feed and fluid regulation,and veterinary care.

Tumor Cell Culture

Human lymphoma cell lines line are obtained from different sources(ATCC, DSMZ), e.g., WSU-DLCL2 obtained from DSMZ. The cell lines aremaintained at Piedmont as suspension cultures in RPMI-1640 mediumcontaining 100 units/mL penicillin G sodium salt, 100 g/mL streptomycin,and 25 g/mL gentamicin. The medium is supplemented with 10% fetal bovineserum and 2 mM glutamine. The cells are cultured in tissue cultureflasks in a humidified incubator at 37° C., in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂and 95% air.

In Vivo Tumor Implantation

Human lymphoma cell lines, e.g., WSU-DLCL2 cells, are harvested duringmid-log phase growth, and re-suspended in PBS with 50% Matrigel′ (BDBiosciences). Each mouse receives 1×10⁷ cells (0.2 mL cell suspension)subcutaneously in the right flank. Tumors are calipered in twodimensions to monitor growth as the mean volume approached the desired80-120 mm³ range. Tumor size, in mm³, is calculated from:

${{Tumor}\mspace{14mu} {Volume}} = \frac{w^{2} \times l}{2}$

where w=width and l=length, in mm, of the tumor. Tumor weight can beestimated with the assumption that 1 mg is equivalent to 1 mm₃ of tumorvolume. After 10-30 days mice with 108-126 mm³ tumors are sorted intotreatment groups with mean tumor volumes of 117-119 mm³.

Test Articles

Test compounds are stored at room temperature and protected from light.On each treatment day, fresh compound formulations are prepared bysuspending the powders in 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and0.1% Tween® 80 in deionized water. Compound 141 (free base) is dissolvedin sterile saline and the pH is adjusted to 4.5 with HCl fresh everyday. The vehicles, 0.5% NaCMC and 0.1% Tween® 80 in deionized water orsterile saline pH 4.5, are used to treat the control groups at the sameschedules. Formulations are stored away from light at 4° C. prior toadministration. Unless otherwise specified, compounds referred to andtested in this experiment are in their specific salt forms mentioned inthis paragraph.

Treatment Plan

Mice are treated at compound doses ranging from 12.5-600 mg/kg and atTID (three time a day every 8 h), BID (2 times a day every 12 h) or QD(once a day) schedules for various amounts of days by oral gavage orinjections via the intraperitoneal route. Each dose is delivered in avolume of 0.2 mL/20 g mouse (10 mL/kg), and adjusted for the lastrecorded weight of individual animals. The maximal treatment length is28 days.

Median Tumor Volume (MTV) and Tumor Growth Inhibition (TGI) Analysis

Treatment efficacy is determined on the last treatment day. MTV(n), themedian tumor volume for the number of animals, n, evaluable on the lastday, is determined for each group. Percent tumor growth inhibition (%TGI) can be defined several ways. First, the difference between theMTV(n) of the designated control group and the MTV(n) of thedrug-treated group is expressed as a percentage of the MTV(n) of thecontrol group:

${\% \mspace{14mu} {TGI}} = {\left( \frac{{{MTV}(n)}_{control} - {{MTV}(n)}_{treated}}{{{MTV}(n)}_{control}} \right) \times 100}$

Another way of calculating % TGI is taking the change of the tumor sizefrom day 1 to day n into account with n being the last treatment day.

${\% \mspace{14mu} {TGI}} = {\left( \frac{{\Delta \; {MTV}_{control}} - {\Delta \; {MTV}_{treated}}}{\Delta \; {MTV}_{control}} \right) \times 100}$Δ MTV_(control) = MTV(n)_(control) − MTV(1)_(control)Δ MTV_(treated) = MTV(n)_(treated) − MTV(1)_(treated)

Toxicity

Animals are weighed daily on Days 1-5, and then twice weekly until thecompletion of the study. The mice are examined frequently for overtsigns of any adverse, treatment related side effects, which aredocumented. Acceptable toxicity for the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) isdefined as a group mean BW loss of less than 20% during the test, andnot more than 10% mortality due to TR deaths. A death is to beclassified as TR if it is attributable to treatment side effects asevidenced by clinical signs and/or necropsy, or due to unknown causesduring the dosing period. A death is to be classified as NTR if there isevidence that the death is unrelated to treatment side effects. NTRdeaths during the dosing interval would typically be categorized as NTRa(due to an accident or human error) or NTRm (due to necropsy-confirmedtumor dissemination by invasion and/or metastasis). Orally treatedanimals that die from unknown causes during the dosing period may beclassified as NTRu when group performance does not support a TRclassification and necropsy, to rule out a dosing error, is notfeasible.

Sampling

On days 7 or 28 during the studies mice are sampled in a pre-specifiedfashion to assess target inhibition in tumors. Tumors are harvested fromspecified mice under RNAse free conditions and bisected. Frozen tumortissue from each animal is snap frozen in liquid N₂ and pulverized witha mortar and pestle.

Statistical and Graphical Analyses

All statistical and graphical analyses are performed with Prism 3.03(GraphPad) for Windows. To test statistical significance between thecontrol and treated groups over the whole treatment time course arepeated measures ANOVA test followed by Dunnets multiple comparisonpost test or a 2 way ANOVA test are employed. Prism reports results asnon-significant (ns) at P>0.05, significant (symbolized by “*”) at0.01<P<0.05, very significant (“**”) at 0.001<P<0.01 and extremelysignificant (“***”) at P<0.001.

Histone Extraction

For isolation of histones, 60-90 mg tumor tissue is homogenized in 1.5ml nuclear extraction buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 25 mM KCl, 1%Triton X-100, 8.6% Sucrose, plus a Roche protease inhibitor tablet1836145) and incubated on ice for 5 minutes. Nuclei are collected bycentrifugation at 600 g for 5 minutes at 4° C. and washed once in PBS.Supernatant is removed and histones extracted for one hour, withvortexing every 15 minutes, with 0.4 N cold sulfuric acid. Extracts areclarified by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 minutes at 4° C. andtransferred to a fresh microcentrifuge tube containing 10×volume of icecold acetone. Histones are precipitated at −20° C. for 2hours-overnight, pelleted by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 10 minutes,and resuspended in water.

ELISA

Histones are prepared in equivalent concentrations in coating buffer(PBS+0.05% BSA) yielding 0.5 ng/ul of sample, and 100 ul of sample orstandard is added in duplicate to 2 96-well ELISA plates (ThermoLabsystems, Immulon 4HBX #3885). The plates are sealed and incubatedovernight at 4° C. The following day, plates are washed 3× with 300ul/well PBST (PBS+0.05% Tween 20; 10×PBST, KPL #51-14-02) on a Bio Tekplate washer. Plates are blocked with 300 ul/well of diluent (PBS+2%BSA+0.05% Tween 20), incubated at RT for 2 hours, and washed 3× withPBST. All antibodies are diluted in diluent. 100 ul/well ofanti-H3K27me3 (CST #9733, 50% glycerol stock 1:1,000) or anti-total H3(Abcam ab1791, 50% glycerol 1:10,000) is added to each plate. Plates areincubated for 90 min at RT and washed 3× with PBST. 100 ul/well ofanti-Rb-IgG-HRP (Cell Signaling Technology, 7074) is added 1:2,000 tothe H3K27Me3 plate and 1:6,000 to the H3 plate and incubated for 90 minat RT. Plates are washed 4× with PBST. For detection, 100 ul/well of TMBsubstrate (BioFx Laboratories, #TMBS) is added and plates incubated inthe dark at RT for 5 min. Reaction is stopped with 100 ul/well 1N H₂SO₄.Absorbance at 450 nm is read on SpectaMax M5 Microplate reader.

7 Day PD Study

In order to test whether a compound can modulate the H3K27me3 histonemark in tumors in vivo, WSU-DLCL2 xenograft tumor bearing mice aretreated with the compound at either 200 mg/kg BID or 400 mg/kg QD orvehicle (BID schedule) for 7 days. There are 4 animals per group.Animals are euthanized 3 h after the last dose and tumor is preserved ina frozen state as described above. Following histone extraction thesamples are applied to ELISA assays using antibodies directed againstthe trimethylated state of histone H3K27 (H3K27me3) or total histone H3.Based on these data the ratio of globally methylated to total H3K27 iscalculated. The mean global methylation ratios for all groups asmeasured by ELISA indicate target inhibition range compared to vehicle.

28 Day Efficacy Study in WSU-DLCL2 Xenograft Model

In order to test whether a compound could induce a tumor growthinhibition in vivo WSU-DLCL2 xenograft tumor bearing mice are treatedwith the compound at 12.5, 25 or 50 mg/kg QD for 28 days viaintraperitoneal injection. Tumor volume and body weights are determinedtwice a week. A parallel cohort of mice (n=4 per group) is treated atthe same doses for 7 days, and mice are euthanized on day 7, 3 h afterthe last dose for tumor sampling and assessment of target inhibition.The result of the ELISA measuring global methylation of H3K27me3normalized to total H3 is determined.

Efficacy Study with Increasing Doses in WSU-DLCL2 Xenograft Model

In order to test whether a compound could induce an anti-tumor effect invivo, WSU-DLCL2 xenograft tumor bearing mice are treated with a compoundat, e.g., 37.5, 75 or 150 mg/kg TID for 28 days. There are 12 mice pergroup for the efficacy arm of the experiment. A parallel cohort is dosedfor 7 days at the same doses and schedules for assessment of targetinhibition after 7 days (n=6 per group). The tumor growth over thetreatment course of 28 days for vehicle and compound treated groups ismeasured.

Histones are extracted from tumors collected after 7 days of dosing(parallel PD cohort) and at the end of the study on day 28 for theefficacy cohort (3 h after the last dose for both cohorts). The H3K27me3methyl mark is assessed for modulation with treatment in a dosedependent matter.

Efficacy Study at Different Dose Schedules

To assess whether a compound would lead to tumor growth inhibition atother dosing schedules but TID a WSU-DLCL2 xenograft efficacy study isperformed where TID, BID and QD schedules are compared side by side.There are 12 animals per group, and mice are treated for 28 days. Thetumor growth over the treatment course of 28 days for vehicle andcompound treated groups is measured.

On day 28 mice are euthanized and tumors were collected 3 h after thelast dose for assessment of target inhibition.

Example 7: Anti-Cancer Effect on the KARPAS-422 Human Diffused LargeB-Cell Lymphoma Mouse Xenograft Model

A test compound is analyzed for its anti-cancer activity in KARPAS-422mouse xenograft model, which is a human diffused large B-Cell lymphomaxenograft model. 45 female of CAnN.Cg-FoxnI_(nu)/CrlCrlj mice (CharlesRiver Laboratories Japan) with KARPAS-422 tumors whose mean tumor volume(TV) reaches approximately 150 mm³ are selected based on their TVs, andare randomly divided into five groups. The oral administration ofcompound (e.g., 80.5, 161, 322, and 644 mg/kg) or vehicle is started onday 1. Compound is given once daily on day 1 and day 29 and twice dailyeveryday from day 2 to day 28. The administration volume (0.1 mL/10 gbody weight) is calculated from the body weight before administration.The TV and body weight are measured twice a week. The design for thisexperiment is shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 Dosing Scheme No. of Group Animals Treatment (twice a day) Routeand Schedule 1 9 Vehicle (0.5% Methyl PO; BID × 28 days Cellulose, 0.1%Tween-80) 2 9 80.5 mg/kg Compound PO; BID × 28 days 3 9 161 mg/kgCompound PO; BID × 28 days 4 9 322 mg/kg Compound PO; BID × 28 days 5 9644 mg/kg Compound PO; bid × 28 days

TV is calculated from caliper measurements by the formula for the volumeof a prolate ellipsoid (L×W²)/2 where L and W are the respectiveorthogonal length and width measurements (mm).

Data are expressed as the mean±standard deviation (SD). The differencesin TV between the vehicle-treated and compound -treated groups areanalyzed by a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed bythe Dunnett-type multiple comparison test. A value of P<0.05 (two sided)is considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses areperformed using the Prism 5 software package version 5.04 (GraphPadSoftware, Inc., CA, USA).

The entire disclosure of each of the patent documents and scientificarticles referred to herein is incorporated by reference for allpurposes.

The invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoingembodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrativerather than limiting on the invention described herein. Scope of theinvention is thus indicated by the appended claims rather than by theforegoing description, and all changes that come within the meaning andrange of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.

1.-12. (canceled)
 13. A method of treating leukemia or melanoma,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula (IV) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

wherein, X₁ is NR₇ or CR₇; X₂ is N, NR₈, CR₈, O, or S; X₃ is NR₈, CR₈,O, or S; X₄ is C or N; Y₁ is N or CH; Y₂ is N or CR₆; Y₃ is N, or CR₁₁,and at least one of X₁, X₂, X₃, X₄, Y₁, Y₂, and Y₃ is N or NR₇; each ofR₁, R₅, R₉, and R₁₀, independently, is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or6-membered heteroaryl; each of R₂, R₃, and R₄, independently, is -Q₁-T₁,in which Q₁ is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker optionally substituted withhalo, cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₁ is H, halo, hydroxyl,COOH, cyano, or R_(S1), in which R_(S1) is C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₁-C₆ thioalkyl, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, CONH₂,SO₂NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —CO—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—SO₂—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy,amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, 4 to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl, and R_(S1) isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of halo, hydroxyl, oxo, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano,C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to6-membered heteroaryl; or R₁ and R₂, together with the N and C atoms towhich they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to2 additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R₁ and R₄, together with the Nand C atoms to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R₃ andR₄, together with the C atoms to which they are attached, form C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 to 3heteroatoms, or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 1 to 3heteroatoms; in which each of the ring structures formed by R₁ and R₂,by R₁ and R₄, or by R₃ and R₄, independently is optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents selected from the group consisting ofhalo, hydroxyl, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or6-membered heteroaryl; each R₆ independently is H, halo, OR_(a),—NR_(a)R_(b), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(a), —C(O)NR_(a)R_(b),—NR_(b)C(O)R_(a), —S(O)₂R_(a), —S(O)₂NR_(a)R_(b), or R_(S2), in whicheach of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is H or R_(S3) and each of R_(S2)and R_(S3), independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to6-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b), together with the N atom towhich they are attached, form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 or 1 additional heteroatoms to the N atom; and each of R_(S2),R_(S3), and the 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(a)and R_(b), is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂, wherein Q₂is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo,cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₂ is H, halo, cyano, —OR_(c),—NR_(c)R_(d), —(NR_(c)R_(d)R_(d′))⁺A⁻, —C(O)R_(c), —C(O)OR_(c),—C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c), —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c),—S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), or R_(S4), in which each of R_(c), R_(d), and R_(d′),independently is H or R_(S5), A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion,each of R_(S4) and R_(S5), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to6-membered heteroaryl, or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the N atom towhich they are attached, form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 or 1 additional heteroatoms to the N atom, and each of R_(S4),R_(S5), and the 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(c)and R_(d), is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃, wherein Q₃is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo,cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₃ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl,OR_(e), COOR_(e), —S(O)₂R_(e), —NR_(e)R_(f), and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), eachof R_(e) and R_(f) independently being H or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionallysubstituted with OH, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or NH—C₁-C₆ alkyl; or -Q₃-T₃ is oxo;or -Q₂-T₂ is oxo; or any two neighboring -Q₂-T₂, together with the atomsto which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring optionallycontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to6-membered heteroaryl; provided that -Q₂-T₂ is not H; each R₇independently is -Q₄-T₄, in which Q₄ is a bond, C₁-C₄ alkyl linker, orC₂-C₄ alkenyl linker, each linker optionally substituted with halo,cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₄ is H, halo, cyano, NR_(g)R_(h),—OR_(g), —C(O)R_(g), —C(O)OR_(g), —C(O)NR_(g)R_(h), —C(O)NR_(g)OR_(h),—NR_(g)C(O)R_(h), —S(O)₂R_(g), or R_(S6), in which each of R_(g) andR_(h), independently is H or R_(S7), each of R_(S6) and R_(S7),independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl, and each ofR_(S6) and R_(S7) is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₅-T₅,wherein Q₅ is a bond, C(O), C(O)NR_(k), NR_(k)C(O), NR_(k), S(O)₂,NR_(k)S(O)₂, or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker, R_(k) being H or C₁-C₆ alkyl, and T₅is H, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, hydroxyl, cyano,C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to6-membered heteroaryl and T₅ is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl,hydroxyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl, and 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl except when T₅ is H,halo, hydroxyl, or cyano; or -Q₅-T₅ is oxo; provided that -Q₄-T₄ is notH; and each of R₈ and R₁₁, independently, is H, halo, hydroxyl, COOH,cyano, R_(S8), OR_(S8), or COOR_(S8), in which R_(S8) is C₁-C₆ alkyl,C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or di-C₁-C₆alkylamino, and R_(S8) is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH,C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino,and di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino.
 14. A method of treating leukemia or melanoma,comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a compound of Formula (V) or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof:

wherein, V¹ is N or CR^(7′), V² is N or CR^(2′), provided when V¹ is N,V² is N, X′ and Z′ are selected independently from the group consistingof hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, unsubstitutedor substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl,(C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl,unsubstituted or substituted heterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or—(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl, unsubstituted orsubstituted aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substitutedheteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, halo, cyano, —CO₂R^(a′),—CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′); —SOR^(a′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′); Y′ is H or halo; R^(1′) is (C₁-C₈)alkyl,(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substitutedheterocycloalkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, unsubstituted or substitutedheterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl,unsubstituted or substituted aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl,unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substitutedheteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl or —(C₂-C₈)alkenyl, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′),—CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′); R^(2′) is hydrogen,(C₁-C₈)alkyl, trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, or halo, in which said(C₁-C₈)alkyl is optionally substituted with one to two groups selectedfrom amino and (C₁-C₃)alkylamino; R^(7′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₃)alkyl, oralkoxy; R^(3′) is hydrogen, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, cyano, trifluoromethyl,—NR^(a′)R^(b′), or halo; R^(6′) is selected from the group consisting ofhydrogen, halo, (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,unsubstituted or substituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substitutedheterocycloalkyl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted aryl,unsubstituted or substituted aryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, unsubstituted orsubstituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substitutedheteroaryl-(C₁-C₈)alkyl, cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),—CONR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′), — SR^(a′), — SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′),—SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′),—NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), —OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′);wherein any (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, cycloalkyl,cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl groupis optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groups independently selectedfrom the group consisting of —O(C₁-C₆)alkyl(R^(c′))₁₋₂,—(C₁-C₈)alkyl-heterocycloalkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl-heterocycloalkyl,halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl,(C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano, —COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′),—SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′), —SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro,—NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′),—OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), heterocycloalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and heteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl; wherein anyaryl or heteroaryl moiety of said aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl, orheteroaryl(C₁-C₄)alkyl is optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groupsindependently selected from the group consisting of halo, (C₁-C₆)alkyl,(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₁-C₆)haloalkyl, cyano,—COR^(a′), —CO₂R^(a′), —CONR^(a′)R^(b′), —SR^(a′), —SOR^(a′),—SO₂R^(a′), —SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), nitro, —NR^(a′)R^(b′),—NR^(a′)C(O)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′),—NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —NR^(a′)SO₂NR^(a′)R^(b′), —OR^(a′), —OC(O)R^(a′), and—OC(O)NR^(a′)R^(b′); R^(a′) and R^(b′) are each independently hydrogen,(C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl, (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, (C₆-C₁₀)bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl, wherein said (C₁-C₈)alkyl, (C₂-C₈)alkenyl, (C₂-C₈)alkynyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl orheteroaryl group is optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groupsindependently selected from halo, hydroxyl, (C₁-C₄)alkoxy, amino,(C₁-C₄)alkylamino, ((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, —CO₂H,—CO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —CONH₂, —CONH(C₁-C₄)alkyl,—CON((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl), —SO₂(C₁-C₄)alkyl, —SO₂NH₂,—SO₂NH(C₁-C₄)alkyl, and SO₂N((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl); or R^(a′) andR^(b′) taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attachedrepresent a 5-8 membered saturated or unsaturated ring, optionallycontaining an additional heteroatom selected from oxygen, nitrogen, andsulfur, wherein said ring is optionally substituted by 1, 2 or 3 groupsindependently selected from (C₁-C₄)alkyl, (C₁-C₄)haloalkyl, amino,(C₁-C₄)alkylamino, ((C₁-C₄)alkyl)((C₁-C₄)alkyl)amino, hydroxyl, oxo,(C₁-C₄)alkoxy, and (C₁-C₄)alkoxy(C₁-C₄)alkyl, wherein said ring isoptionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, orheteroaryl ring; or R^(a′) and R^(b′) taken together with the nitrogento which they are attached represent a 6- to 10-membered bridgedbicyclic ring system optionally fused to a (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl ring; and each R^(c′) isindependently (C₁-C₄)alkylamino, —NR^(a′)SO₂R^(b′), —SOR^(a′),—SO₂R^(a′), —NR^(a′)C(O)OR^(a′), —NR^(a′)R^(b′), or —CO₂R^(a′).
 15. Amethod of treating leukemia or melanoma, comprising administering to asubject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compoundof Formula (VI) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein X₂ is N, NR₈, CR₈, O, or S; X₃ is NR₈, CR₈, O, or S; X₄ is C orN; Y₁ is N or CH; Y₃ is N, or CR₁₁; R₁ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or6-membered heteroaryl; each of R₂, R₃, and R₄, independently, is -Q₁-T₁,in which Q₁ is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker optionally substituted withhalo, cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₁ is H, halo, hydroxyl,COOH, cyano, or R_(S1), in which R_(S1) is C₁-C₃ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl,C₂-C₆ alkynyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, C₁-C₆ thioalkyl, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, CONH₂,SO₂NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl), —CO—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, —SO₂—NH(C₁-C₆ alkyl),—SO₂—N(C₁-C₆ alkyl)₂, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy,amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, 4 to 7-memberedheterocycloalkyl, or 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl, and R_(S1) isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of halo, hydroxyl, oxo, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano,C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to6-membered heteroaryl; or R₁ and R₂, together with the N and C atoms towhich they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to2 additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R₁ and R₄, together with the Nand C atoms to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R₃ andR₄, together with the C atoms to which they are attached, form C₅-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, or a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 1 to 3heteroatoms, or a 5 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 1 to 3heteroatoms; in which each of the ring structures formed by R₁ and R₂,by R₁ and R₄, or by R₃ and R₄, independently is optionally substitutedwith one or more substituents selected from the group consisting ofhalo, hydroxyl, oxo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or6-membered heteroaryl; each R₆ independently is H, halo, OR_(a),—NR_(a)R_(b), —C(O)R_(a), —C(O)OR_(a), —C(O)NR_(a)R_(b),—NR_(b)C(O)R_(a), —S(O)₂R_(a), —S(O)₂NR_(a)R_(b), or R_(S2), in whicheach of R_(a) and R_(b), independently is H or R_(S3) and each of R_(S2)and R_(S3), independently is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to6-membered heteroaryl; or R_(a) and R_(b), together with the N atom towhich they are attached, form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 or 1 additional heteroatoms to the N atom; and each of R_(S2),R_(S3), and the 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(a)and R_(b), is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₂-T₂, wherein Q₂is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo,cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₂ is H, halo, cyano, —OR_(c),—NR_(c)R_(d), —(NR_(c)R_(d)R_(d′))⁺A⁻, —C(O)R_(c), —C(O)OR_(c),—C(O)NR_(c)R_(d), —NR_(d)C(O)R_(c), —NR_(d)C(O)OR_(c), —S(O)₂R_(c),—S(O)₂NR_(c)R_(d), or R_(S4), in which each of R_(c), R_(d), and R_(d′),independently is H or R_(S5), A⁻ is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion,each of R_(S4) and R_(S5), independently, is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, or 5 to6-membered heteroaryl, or R_(c) and R_(d), together with the N atom towhich they are attached, form a 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ringhaving 0 or 1 additional heteroatoms to the N atom, and each of R_(S4),R_(S5), and the 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl ring containing R_(c)and R_(d), is optionally substituted with one or more -Q₃-T₃, wherein Q₃is a bond or C₁-C₃ alkyl linker each optionally substituted with halo,cyano, hydroxyl or C₁-C₆ alkoxy, and T₃ is selected from the groupconsisting of H, halo, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, 5 to 6-membered heteroaryl,OR_(e), COOR_(e), —S(O)₂R_(e), —NR_(e)R_(f), and —C(O)NR_(e)R_(f), eachof R_(e) and R_(f) independently being H or C₁-C₆ alkyl optionallysubstituted with OH, O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, or NH—C₁-C₆ alkyl; or -Q₃-T₃ is oxo;or -Q₂-T₂ is oxo; or any two neighboring -Q₂-T₂, together with the atomsto which they are attached form a 5- or 6-membered ring optionallycontaining 1-4 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents selected from the groupconsisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀ aryl, 4 to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5 to6-membered heteroaryl; provided that -Q₂-T₂ is not H; R₇ is -Q₄-T₄,wherein Q₄ is a bond or methyl linker, T₄ is optionally substitutedC₁-C₆ alkyl, optionally substituted C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl or optionallysubstituted 4- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl; and each of R₈ and R₁₁,independently, is H, halo, hydroxyl, COOH, cyano, R_(S8), OR_(S8), orCOOR_(S8), in which R_(S8) is C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl,amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, or di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, and R_(S8) isoptionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from thegroup consisting of halo, hydroxyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano,C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino, mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, and di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino.16. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is of Formula (VIc):

wherein R⁷⁰¹ is H or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R⁷⁰² is C₁₋₆ alkoxyl or C₆-C₁₀ aryloxy,each optionally substituted with one or more halo; R⁷⁰³ is H, halo, orC₁₋₄ alkyl; R⁷⁰⁴ is halo, or C₁₋₄ alkyl or C₁₋₆ alkoxyl, each optionallysubstituted with one or more halo; or R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰², together with the Nand C atoms to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms or a 5 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms; or R⁷⁰¹ andR⁷⁰⁴, together with the N and C atoms to which they are attached, form a5- or 6-membered heteroaryl having 0 to 2 additional heteroatoms or a 5to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl ring having 0 to 2 additionalheteroatoms; or R⁷⁰³ and R⁷⁰⁴, together with the C atoms to which theyare attached, form C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-10 aryl, or a 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl having 1 to 3 heteroatoms, or a 5 to 12-memberedheterocycloalkyl ring having 1 to 3 heteroatoms; in which each of thering structures formed by R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰², by R⁷⁰¹ and R⁷⁰⁴, or by R⁷⁰³and R⁷⁰⁴, independently is optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, oxo,C₁-C₆ alkyl, COOH, C(O)O—C₁-C₆ alkyl, cyano, C₁-C₆ alkoxyl, amino,mono-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, di-C₁-C₆ alkylamino, C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl, C₆-C₁₀aryl, 4 to 12-membered heterocycloalkyl, and 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl; and R⁷⁰⁶ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, tetrahydropyranyl,piperidine substituted by 1, 2, or 3 C₁₋₄ alkyl groups, or cyclohexylsubstituted by N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂ wherein one or both of the C₁₋₄ alkyl isoptionally substituted with C₁₋₆ alkoxyl.
 17. The method of claim 16,wherein R⁷⁰⁶ is sec-butyl, cyclopentyl, or iso-propyl.
 18. The method ofclaim 13, wherein R₇ is sec-butyl, cyclopentyl, or iso-propyl.
 19. Themethod of claim 13, wherein R₆ is


20. The method of claim 15, wherein R₆ is


21. The method of claim 16, wherein R₆ is


22. The method of claim 17, wherein R₆ is


23. The method of claim 18, wherein R₆ is


24. The method of claim 15, wherein R₇ is sec-butyl, cyclopentyl, oriso-propyl.
 25. The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is Compound1 or 2:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 26. The method of claim13, wherein the compound is comprised in a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 27.The method of claim 15, wherein the compound is comprised in apharmaceutical composition comprising the compound and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 28. The method of claim 25, whereinthe compound is comprised in a pharmaceutical composition comprising thecompound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 29. The method ofclaim 13, wherein the leukemia is chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML),acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia or mixed lineageleukemia, or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
 30. The method of claim14, wherein the leukemia is chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acutemyeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia or mixed lineage leukemia,or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
 31. The method of claim 15, whereinthe leukemia is chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute myeloidleukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia or mixed lineage leukemia, ormyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).
 32. The method of claim 25, wherein theleukemia is chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), acute myeloid leukemia,acute lymphocytic leukemia or mixed lineage leukemia, or myelodysplasticsyndromes (MDS).